Neuropathology and Etiology of Alzheimer’s disease

Scientists have not moreover fully come to full grips with the authorized wind upeavours of Alzheimers distemper, however, one and only(a)ness clear aspect of the development of this unsoundness rustle from a rattling complex chain of activities taking place in the chief over a long period of lifetime. It has been argued that divisortic, environmental and even off life style factors have contributed to major causes of this sickness. Risk and protective factors may overwhelm genetic, medical, biological, environmental, dietary, social and cultural aspects (Draper, 2004).In genetic aspect, APOE E2 is rargon and creates protection against Alzheimers distemper and in case it does occur in much later age than in populate with APOE E3 and APOE E4. APOE E3 forms the most common Allele and is assumed to transact a neutral role in Alzheimers disease. This means it uncomplete stimulates nor increases reactions that would go forth to the development of Alzheimers. The APOE E4 occurs in the most common and occurs in nearly 40% in those who suffer from late intrusion Alzheimers disease. It is because common that people with APOE E4 are more apt(predicate) to suffer from Alzheimers disease (Kuhn & Verity, 2007).It is infact known as the risk factor gene in that it increases ones level of risk of developing Alzheimers disease. primal onset Alzheimers disease, affecting few people is as a result of chromosome disparate gene mutations on specific chromosomes (Martinison&Musaswes, 1993). These admit chromosome 21, 14 and chromosome 1 and all these produces abnormal proteins. Permanent changes in chromosome 21 gallop to the creation of APP (Abnormal Amyloid Precursor Protein) while the same process in chromosome 14 leads to the formation of abnormal presenilin and mutation in chromosome 1 lead to creation of abnormal presenilin.Inheritance of even one of these genes from both or one parent is most likely to develop early onset Alzheimers disease. Th is kind of heritage pattern is referred to as abnormal dominant inheritance. Another possible risk towards the development of Alzheimers disease is SOR1 (Roudier et al, 1991). This gene is solely responsible for the transportation of APP (Abnormal Amyloid Precursor Protein) within the cells and was spy to be connected to Alzheimers disease. While it is present in grim levels, beta amyloid levels increase and may have a cast out effect on neurons (Ramanathan, 1997).The difference in genetic make up from one person to another either delays or completely prevents the onset of Alzheimers disease, also known as Familial Alzheimers disease. It is generally inherited from parents and is caused by mutations in three genes. (APOE E2, APOE E3, APOE E4). There is a 50-50 medical prognosis of an offspring developing early onset Alzheimers diseases if one of the parents had it, averagely at the age of 30-60. As many as 5. 3 million Americans are living with Alzheimers disease.It is know to destroy brain cells and hence cause problems with behavior, thinking and memory severely enough to affect work, lifelong hobbies or social infract It has been graded the sixth-leading cause of death in the get together States (Mace & Rabins, 2007). There is no known cure to Alzheimers disease yet but an attempt to control it is going on. Scientists and researchers have come up with brain implants aimed to controlling it. These implants contain proteins called Nerve Growth grammatical constituents (NGF) which directly delivered to brain nerve cells, which in turn stimulates their growth and thus reduces the chances of their degeneration.Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) is responsible for controlling cell regeneration in the entire consistence but it is denied entry into the brain, this makes brain cells insufficiency ability to self-regenerate (Taylor, 2006). Alzheimers disease has no cure however and irreversible. It is as a result of imperfect brain damage modifyd by the building up of amyloid plagues and neurofibrillary tangles, escape of connection in the brain cells and the eventual death of these verve cells. characteristic treatment in combination with right support and proper serve can lessen the pain of living with this disease.Change in different forms of lifestyle choices can also reduce the prevalence of this disease. It is a complex disease to understand because it affects individuals differently in the tramp in which symptoms come to surface, their order of appearance, the duration it lasts before end point and variation in the duration of stage. Increased vigor worldwide to find a lasting assure through in proper treatment of this disease is underway (Coste, 2004). These include efforts to delay its onset, reduce late of its development and eliminate it from the body.Research also suggests that different forms of lifestyle such as nutrition, social activities mentally involving activities are factors likely to reduce Alzheimers disease. Prog ression of series of Alzheimers disease consists of quin stages expanded to seven stages by the use of a Modified world-wide Deterioration scale (GDS). This scale assists doctors to evaluate the exact level of growth of the disease in a patient and administer right medication. Stages of Alzheimers disease include the early stage where the individual has mild impairenent arising from this disease (Pearce, 2007).Symptoms in this stage include rapid changes in mood and behavior, forgetfulness, and lack of proper communication. This group still contains most of their capabilities and thus needs very minimal life support. Further deterioration in this stage one leads to the middle stage. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a condition in which a person has memory problems greater than those expected for his or her age. However, people with MCI do not have the personality changes or cognitive problems that characterize (Callone, 2007). storage loss, difficulty in identifying people and objects are symptoms of middle stage although there may be little awareness. The late stage eventually does not allow verbal communication or one to take divvy up of himself. This level require external support although their lives. The fourth stage, at end of life, is when one comes close to death and comfort is the main focus.Global Deterioration shield (GDS) or Reisberg scale provides care givers with a better accurate measure of the level of deterioration stage. References Draper B., (2004) Dealing with Dementia A Guide to Alzheimers disorder and Other Dementias. ISBN-10 1865088536, ISBN-13 978-1865088532, Allen & Unwin. Roudier, M. , Marcie, P. , Podrabinek, N., Lamour, Y. , Payan, C. , Fermanian, J. and Boller, F. , (1991) Cognitive Functions in Alzheimers Disease Interaction of Cognitive Domains. developmental Neuropsychology. Volume 7. Issue 2. Kuhn, D. & Verity, J., (2007) The Art of Dementia Care. ISBN-10 140189951X, ISBN-13 978-1401899516, Delmar Cengage tuition. Ma rtinson, I. M. and Muwaswes, M. , (1993) Care giving Demands of Patients with Alzheimers Disease.Journal cognomen Journal of Community Health Nursing. Volume 10. Issue 4. 1993. Page turning 225. Ramanathan, V. , (1997)Alzheimer Discourse Some Sociolinguistic Dimensions. ISBN 9780805823554, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Mahwah, NJ. Taylor, R.. , (2006) Alzheimers from the inside out. ISBN-10 1932529233, ISBN-13 978-1932529234, Health Professions pickle. Coste, K. J. , (2004) Learning to Speak Alzheimers A Groundbreaking Approach for Everyone Dealing with the Disease. ISBN-10 1864710632, ISBN-13 978-0618485178, Mariner Books. Pearce, N., (2007) inner Alzheimers How to Hear and Honor Connections with a Person who has Dementia.ISBN-10 0978829905, ISBN-13 978-0978829902, Forrason Press Callone, P. , (2007) A phencyclidines Guide to Alzheimers Disease 300 Tips for Making Life Easier. ISBN-10 1932603166, ISBN-13 978-1932603163, Demos medical examination Publishing. Mace, L. N. & Rabi ns, V. P. , (2007)The 36-Hour Day A Family Guide to Caring for People with Alzheimer Disease, Other Dementias, and Memory Loss in Later Life, 4th Edition, ISBN-10 0801885094,ISBN-13 978-0801885099, Johns Hopkins University Press