Differences of Radical Behaviorism, Experimental Analysis of Behavior and Applied Behavior Analysis Essay

The phrase ascendent behaviorism grass both be applied to a philosophical system which was created by B. F. Skinner and can also be used to refer to a particular condition which became known during the time when behaviorism was in power. It considers behavior as a natural scientific discipline and that the behavior of animals can be understood and canvas benefici whollyy, comparable to the behavior of humans (Chiesa, 1994).On the other hand, experimental summary of behavior can also refer to a school of psychology founded by B.F. Skinner or to a philosophy that is basically from the philosophy of radical behaviorism. Data-driven question of functional relations is whiz of the central principles which argon incorporated in the experimental analysis of behavior. It also includes inductive examination and can be considered in contrast to the kinds of hypothetico-deductive learning theory (Skinner, 1963). use behavior analysis is an applied research of behavior and is one of the 4 domains in the analysis of behaviors.Furthermore, it is the science in which strategy or procedures ar derived from the main philosophies of behavior ar applied systematically and uses the natural science perspective in terms of its applications. The applied behavior analysis makes the technology for application in a variety of settings available. The diversity of its settings starts from individuals who have autism up to organizational improvement.In addition to this, it is mainly used to enhance the substantial social behaviors and that experimentation is employed in determining the variables responsible for modifications or changes (Cooper et al, 2006). These three philosophies under psychology, though they seem to be similar to one another, may also have certain dissimilarities among them. In terms of their fundamental principles and philosophy, certain dissimilarities or differences, though somehow related, can already be noticed.The radical behaviorism gained inter est because of two proposals or philosophies, one is that all organismic action is determined and not free. Second is that, it refers to the consideration of the anti-theoretical. charm on the other hand, the principles or premises utilize as terra firma for the experimental analysis of behavior includes that everything that organisms do is behavior and that all behavior is lawful. Central to this is the utilization of a Four-term contingency which be utilized to illustrate functional relationships in controlling behavior.The Four-term contingency are make operations, discriminative stimulus, behavior as response and consequences. On the other hand, in the applied behavior analysis, it considers behavior as a subject, rather than a natural science and that it is composed of an antecedent, behavior, and consequence (Cooper et al, 2006). While in radical behaviorism, no recognition is given still tat work in traditional psychology has any value or that it can be useful in a unifi cation with behaviorism (Weiner and Freedheim, 2003).The methods, techniques, purposes and service talking to of the three philosophies in psychology also differ from one to the other. In the experimental analysis of behavior, operant conditioning chambers, which are enclosures specifically knowing for holding and testing animals, and cumulative recorders, an instrument that graphically records responses from animals or subjects, are used. In the applied behavior analysis, the techniques employed include task analysis, chaining, incite and fading. On the other hand, radical behaviorism uses operant psychology.Operant psychology is an alternative or replacement for classical conditioning which was observed by Skinner to be non-functional in accounting for behaviors which individuals are most interested of. In the operant conditioning, positive reinforcements and negative reinforcements are utilized and are used to increase the re-occurrence of a behavior. In contrasting an emphas is on the experimental analysis of behavior with an emphasis on interpretive practices in characterizing the heart of radical behaviorism does not involve a calumniation of the long-range value of laboratory research (Modgil and Modgil, 1987).

Mngt 5000 Term Paper

MNGT 5000 may 14, 2010 Term Paper There argon many give ups that companies face every day that could potentially be managed in a different way. The issue that I would like to suss out is an issue that is in the forefront of the intelligence agency these days. It is hard to say when there might be close to mixture of resolution to this issue, establish on the size and impact to the purlieu and economy. The approximately recent issue occurred on April 20, 2010. This was when the Deepwater Horizon petroleum rig explode and sunk into the Gulf of Mexico 2 days later. Along with this gush, there were 11 people reported missing and atomic number 18 assumed at peace(predicate).The bigger enigma that British Petroleum has experienced since this explosion is a blow fall out preventer (BOP) that failed. This failed BOP has caused a horrible embrocate let on that is gushing from the maritime floor. The initial estimates were that the leak would be around 1,000 barrels or 42,000 gallons per day. This exit has since skyrocketed from the initial estimates. As of whitethorn 13, this number is now thought to be as high as 70,000 barrels per day, or 2,940,000 gallons. With the amount of fossil oil that is leaking into the Gulf of Mexico from this incident give it the potential to be the worst oil honk in US history.The previous largest oil shake off in US history was the Exxon Valdez Oil crepuscule that occurred on March 24, 1989. As a comparison, the Valdez spill lost 250,000 barrels of oil, or 10,500,000 gallons. It was not until 1992 that the foot up from this spill was immaculate. From the estimated numbers, the current spill entrust eclipse the Valdez spill in only a matter of days. Given the fact that the Valdez spill took 3 years to clean up, we can only speculate as to how long it might take to clean up the effects of the Deepwater Horizon. The chief(prenominal) problem that BP is immediately faced with is how to control and stop the Deepwater H orizon leak.There expect been many suggestions as to what approach they should take. British Petroleum has had to utilize the grooming forge and discipline to machine several different strategies since April 22, 2010. While the characteristic endning process might take several weeks or months, BP had to induce this process up. Their culture is to try and minimize the impact to the Gulf of Mexico and the adjoin environment. Planning is necessary to benefactor drive a structured process for making decisions about the coating they be trying to reach. There are 6 main ill-uses involved in a semiformal proposalning process.The outset graduation in the platformning process is situational analysis. This first step some likely started for BP on April 20th after the explosion happened. This is when all relevant information about the plan is gathered, interpreted and summarized. For this situation, it most likely included studying past events, the current conditions and tr ying to prefigure coming(prenominal) events. The next step in the planning process is to polish alternative goals and plans that might make been identify through the situational analysis. A goal is a certain target that is set by a music director that they hope to reach.The alternative goal that BP pick ups to try to achieve as quickly as possible is to stop the leak that is gushing from the oceanic floor. The book Management Leading & Collaborating in the Competitive World outlines a very helpful acronym to ensure you gather certain qualities in the goals you set. The acronym identified is SMART. This stands for Specific, Measureable, Attainable, Relevant and Time-bound. There are affairs of this acronym that are a pocket-sized more sensitive for BP than some of the new(prenominal) pieces. The time bound is the part that sticks out in my mind.The longer it takes to catch the leak from the ocean floor, the larger the impact to the environment and to BP financially. As of whitethorn 13, the oil has been leaking from the Deepwater Horizon position for 24 days. It appears that BP has come up with many alternative plans to try and care and contain the oil leak that the failed BOP has created. Next we will review the different plans that BP has established and how some of them have been working so far. A plan is defined as how the management provide plans to achieve the outline goals. BP has presented several plans that they will use to try and achieve their goal.The first plan that they will try to implement is to lower a containment box everyplace the leak that will then funnel the oil to the surface and into an oil oiler. This will be the quickest option that they can try to shed in place to stop the leak. Another option that they will try to implement at the same time is to drill a relievo well, simply this could take up to 3 months to complete. Once the alternatives have been reviewed, we hit to step three which is to evaluate the goals an d plan. All of this planning has to be completed in a very tight time frame for BP, because as the time passes, the oil continues to leak.During this step, management will review the advantages and disadvantages of the alternative goals and plan from step 2. The drilling of a relief well has a large disadvantage due to the time frame. This step also includes prioritizing and potentially eliminating some of the goals. Step 4 is the Goal and Plan Selection. After having reviewed and prioritized the goals in the start step, this is where the decision will actually be made on which goal and plan is most feasible. After the selection has been made, the following step is to implement plans to achieve the goals that have been outlined.As of may 7, British Petroleum has started to implement their plan of lowering a container over the leaking well. Once everything is enforced, the final step is to proctor and control the work that is being done. The container was successfully lowered int o place, however glass crystals started to form and blocked the pipe that would de defyr the oil to the surface. BP has now had to revive to some of their back up or alternative plans. Some other ideas that have been presented in this process include using a small containment dome, shooting junk into the well to clog the hole, and siphoning the oil into a tanker at the surface.With these different plans in place, BP will have to ensure that they have a good outline if another alternate fails. The definition of strategy is a pattern of actions and resource allocations designed to achieve the presidencys goals. Planning and strategy go hand in hand. BP will take up to use some strategic management in dealing with this situation. strategical management is basically a strategic planning process that has half-dozen major steps. The first step is to establish a delegation, vision and goals. The mission is short statement that describes the purpose of the organization.The vision is what the organization hopes to accomplish in the future. BP has their company mission and vision statement listed on their site as their values. The sites states BP wants to be recognized as a great company competitively successful and a force for progress. We have a fundamental opinion that we can make a difference in the orb. We help the world meet its growing need for heat, light and mobility. We strive to do that by producing energy that is affordable, secure and doesnt damage the environment.BP is progressive, responsible, innovative and performance driven. The import step in this process is to do an analysis of external opportunities and threats. This includes thought the different forces that might affect the companys mission and vision. This is a unique situation for BP, due to the fact that they are trying to live up to their values, while trying to prevent an environmental disaster that could potentially tarnish their name for quite some time. After reviewing extern al factors, step 3 is to complete an analysis of internal strengths and weaknesses.There are many aspects to an organization that can be reviewed a couple of key parts to be reviewed would be resources available and core competencies. Resources can fall into two categories, manifest and intangible. Steps 2 and 3 provide a good understructure of information for step 4, which is swot Analysis and Strategy Formulation. Once the SWOT analysis is complete, there are several different strategies to consider based on the type of business that is in operation. For BP and this situation, I would think that they would need to implement a functional strategy.Once the type of strategy has been decided upon, step 5 is strategy implementation. During this step, BP would need to ensure that the strategy is being implemented efficiently and effectively. Once implemented, this takes us to the final step, which is strategic control. I deal this control will not be in place until the leak has been contained. In this final step, typically there is a system to help support management in evaluating how the organization is doing with the strategy. Overall, BP has an enormous task that they are faced with. It will take good planning and strategy to judge the issue as quickly as possible.They are faced with having to contain one of the largest oil spills in US history. It is hard to accurately stones throw the true amount of oil that is leaking from the well however there are several estimates of how much oil is leaking per day, ranging from 1000 to 70,000 barrels. As of May 13, 2010, BP has had to doctor to alternate plans due to their initial attempt failing. It will be evoke to watch the news and see how BP continues to manage the situation. It is almost guaranteed that the government will intervene at some point, possibly by implementing new laws around off shore drilling.We can only hope that the impact to the environment is not too great, but there have already been repo rts of dead animals and tar balls washing ashore. It is hard to think that there would be no impact with so much oil leaking into the ocean. I still memorialise the images from the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989. I can only recall we will start to see some of the same images in the future from the Deepwater Horizon spill. Lets hope that BPs management staff has all the tools necessary to have a strong plan in place to rectify this problem. Bibliography Robertson, C & Lipton, E (2010, April 30). BP Is Criticized Over Oil Spill, but U.S. Missed Chances to Act. New York Times. Retrieved May 11, 2010, from http//www. nytimes. com/2010/05/01/us/01gulf. html The Valdez Oil Spill. (n. d. ). Retrieved May 11, 2010, from http//www. exxonmobil. com/corporate/about_issues_valdez. aspx Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. (n. d. ). Retrieved May 11, 2010, from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill Gulf Oil Spill Layers. (n. d. ). Retrieved May 13, 2010, from http//maps. google. co m/maps/mpl? moduleurl=http//mw1. google. com/mw-earth-vectordb/disaster/gulf_oil_spill/gulf_oil_mapplet. xml&mapclient=google&hl=en Weber, H. amp Burdeau, C (2010, May 6). Expedition to contain oil leak begins in Gulf. Associated Press. Retrieved May 11, 2010, from http//www. google. com/hostednews/ap/ article/ALeqM5gIXWYBTpLtSayJtg41LKXpxSxVPAD9FH9GN80 Resnick-Ault, J. & Polson, C (2010, May 11). BP to Try Again to Control Oil bring out as Hearings Start (Update3). Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved May 13, 2010, from http//www. businessweek. com/news/2010-05-11/bp-to-try-again-to-control-oil-leak-as-hearings-start-update3-. html What we stand for. (n. d. ). Retrieved May 13, 2010, from http//www. bp. com/sectiongenericarticle. do? categoryId=9002630&contentId=7005204

Money Matters

gold Matters M matchlessy is want by everyone, but the majority of riches is held by only a small percentage of people in society. Is this minority of the rich as happy as we think they should be with all that gold? devil claims regarding currency go away help answer this criticise Floyds song, silver, from the album The Dark Side of the Moon (1973) and AC/DCs song, bullion Talks, from the album The Razors Edge (1990). currency presents the idea that notes allows the item-by-item to get what they want. cash Talks presents the idea that currency allows the individual to get whomever they want. At the heart of both of these songs it is evident that the song writers valued the listener to know the cycle of money and obtaining button-down things which suggest that the headstone point being conveyed by these songs is that money enables greed which loafer precede to negative doings. People often want money to aim them timbre happier this is accomplished by buying mat erialistic things or by laborious to buy an individuals affection or approval.But do these things truly make us happy, or do they just give us more problems like greed and visible conflicts? fit to Sonja Lyubomirsky , from The Scientific Ameri fundament, The atomic number 53 biggest culprit, I argue, is that having money raises our aspirations about the happiness that we expect in our daily lives, and these raised aspirations can be toxic. (Lyumbomirsky). The more one achieves, the more one wants, is the definition of greed.This is a viscous cycle that, if fueled by liberal money, can end in bad decisions or negative doings. For example, if you be conditioned to eating at nice restaurants, and thence you go to a fast food chain, you wouldnt be as satisfied in comparison to eer going to fast food restaurants and not well-read the luxurious pleasure of dining at a fancy establishment. (Lyumbomirsky) Money can buy nice things and function, but it will not always eliminate stress and bad moods.A Princeton University Study published in 2010 cogitate that in act is directly proportional to emotional experiences up to about $75,000 a yr where it plateaus. (Staff) This study analyzed over 450,000 responses from over 1,000 test bases on a daily basis asking questions about the previous days emotional experiences. These results are quite interesting but throughout the unit of measurement study it was evident that there were still daily stresses and depressing multiplication regardless of your social and economical status. Staff) Instead of contentment and happiness, excessively ofttimes money can just lead to greed. twain songs, Money and Money Talks have the same social issue at their core, money. According to both songs if money allows you to get everything you desire, then ultimately it will urinate greed and result in immoral decisions. The key difference in the songs is that in Money they want to get materialistic things and in Money Talks they money to buy materialistic things to attract the individuals they want.This is shown when Pink Floyd says Money, its a gas Grab that cash with both hands and make a stash New car, caviar, four star daydream forecast Ill buy me a football team in Money, and when AC/DC says Hey little girl, you want it all The furs, the diamonds, the painting on the skirt come on come on lovin for the money in Money Talks. Both songs describe individuals development money to reach their aspirations, possessions or people. afterwards using money to obtain their wants, each song describes the resulting negative consequences.By using money to attract a womanly mate, Money Talks describes the sorting of immoral tendencies of a woman who is attracted by money. This effect is shown in the oral communication Hey little girl, you broke the laws You hustle, you deal, you steal from us all. In Money, Pink Floyd plainly states Money, so they say Is the root of all evil immediately. then(prenominal) t he song describes a dispute over wanting more money, jump with the lyric But if you ask for a raise its no perplexity that theyre giving none away. Both songs depict the negative results created from too untold money by describing greedy and immoral behavior ground around wanting more. Money is a story of the natural proficiency of money and greed. The song starts with a man who gets a good job, then buys expensive things, and then the greed of the money causes him to make a physical dispute started by asking for more money. The grooving beat starts with the croaks of a cash register, coins, and money to let the audience conform to the subject. When the instruments join the materialistic set groove, the piano, bass, and drums create a walking feeling to simulate soul on the move spending money.When the utterer starts the first poetize, he instantly talks about devising money and spending money, which perfectly matches the sound effects and walking groove set up by the s ubmissive intro. The second verse describes the next stage of money and greed, which is using money for the rush like a dose. This link is shown in the lyric money, its a hit, so spending money is like taking a hit of a mind altering substance. Just like drug use, money use can lead to bad judgment and reorient values.After the weather rakehell of the second verse, And I think I pauperisation a Lear jet, the guitarists and piano take passs to create a three arcsecond psychedelic solo. The solo is very relaxing and enjoyable, simulating the early stages of drug use, or in this case, money use. The last sung verse describes the obsession of money leading to negative things such as crime and fights. The verse ends with the line But if you ask for a raise its no impress that theyre giving none away. This line shows the subject needing more money to fuel his expensive spending addiction.The verse shows greed on both ends of the interaction, because the subject wants more money and the employer does not want to share every money. After this verse, the background tells a story of an argument which ended in a fist fight. Though not specifically stated, the listener can conclude from the reoccurrence of the music from the intro that the dispute started from spending too much money. Money Talks starts out with a twenty second slavish introduction that has an upbeat tempo and really makes the listener want to exploit their feet and nod their head .The fast happy mood directly contradicts the subject matter, which is closely related to prostitution. This kind of contradiction is known as musical theater irony. After ACDC sets the foundation for a happy and energetic song, the vocalist dives rightly into what money can do for you, Tailored suits, chauffeured cars, Fine hotels and big cigars. The singer has a natural energetic growl sound, but he will pretty change the volume or intensity of his tone depending on what the lyrics are saying. Every line that de als with negative behavior due to spending, the singer will mark it by adding slight emphasis to his voice.The first verse is sung with a pretty consistent tone until he introduces his female target by stating Hey little girl, you want it all, then he adds slightly more growl to his voice. After the first chorus, the subject takes a turn almost into a business proposition as the man asks what services she offers and how much she would like to be paid evidenced by these lyrics So what do you do thats guaranteed love me for the money Come on, come on, listen to the money talk. During this line, the singer raises his volume, as well as his energy to show the decline of moral behavior with the increase of spending.The last line of this verse, You hustle, you deal, you steal from us all is sung with more bunt and energy than any other line of the song. This lyric directly shows how soul could be stuck in the cycle of compromising morals for money. Even though the music has little to d o with the subject, the singer makes the lyric music connection by adding slightly more energy to the lines depicting negative behavior in relation to spending and making money. Money or wealth is an attribute of daily life for everyone. Unfortunately, having too much money can cause problems for the user and recipient in the form of greed.Pink Floyds song Money goes through the cycle of wealth by starting with making the money and then ends by describing a dispute driven by greed. ACDC depicts their view of the corruption of money by telling the story of a man who uses money to get women, also known as prostitution. Both songs accurately portray the negative connotations attached to wealth in todays society by ending their songs on greedy behavior started by obtaining and spending too much money. ? Bibliography Lyumbomirsky, Sonja. Scientific American. 10 tremendous 2010. 15 April 2012. . Staff, PNAS and World Science. World Science. 8 September 2010. 14 April 2012. .

The Lost Squatron Short Story

On Tuesday morning, December 5, 2006, deputy esteem McGrath, a fresh faced 22 year nonagenarian, marine honorary society graduate, maneuvered his fighter kilobyte across the tarmac at the US Naval Air come in Florida to the designated run expressive style. Behind him, a counting their tower clearance orders were the four opposite(a) members of Jimmys squadron. The workforce, boys re comp permitelyy, more or less with p from separately 1 fuzz beards, were prepare for assignment in Dubai, where they could criminal sorties over Afghanistan and Iraq. tot on the wholey five pilots had been training here in Florida for several(prenominal) weeks, their high stress strip combat training punctuated by paradoxical Florida nights of non-buoyant drinking and non-stop womanizing.The locals were used to it, having hosted these travelboys since Lauderdale nearly burst at the seams with saucily drafted short lettermen, training in T-6s, and SNJ fighter trainers during universe o f discourse struggle 2. McGrath readied his jet at the flight line and after a final instrument fall over, change magnitude throttle towards rotation speed, rumbling down the runway and easing besidestocks on the pegleg until the 2 ton run down defied gravity and began a steady ascent into the clouds hanging over the azure high nautical. McGrath banked the plane right and felt momentary g-force pressure as he rolled away from the take take flight path to forego the next jet to leave the Earth.Hee-haw shrieked through Jimmys mic, as his wingman, Bobby-Joe Nicholson followed McGrath into the heavens. Nicholson grew up in tobacco rich North Carolina cover country, and his tension and redneck colloquialisms made training a lot easier for everybody.Nicholson was followed by Andy Grayson, from Wichita, hence Angel Fernandez of the Bronx, and finally Ron Fontaine, a graduate of the Donnelly Housing Projects in Detroit. Fontaine was voted by his peers the run person some(pr enominal) adept wanted to meet in a back alley for a fight. He was also the most accomplished stick man among them. Despite his officer and gentleman status, Fontaines 6 foot 2 inch muscular frame and tattooed biceps gave off a menacing way respected and feared by the other young pilots.The five jets screamed through the gamyish sky, each planes engine creating enormous jet trails flowing behind, until they maneuvered into governance. The planes floated in the air next to each other as if dangling on tractile strings, their high-powered engines, flying in unison, making it appear as if they were non even moving.OK guys, McGrath bellowed, lets head s bug outh over the ocean and thusly take a bearing of 26 degrees, 3 minutes north, and soce 80 degrees, 7 minutes west toward Hen and Chickens Shoals. Although he did not mention it, the days flight path would eventually take them into them into heart of the Devils Triangle.The Devils Triangle, or Bermuda Triangle as it was some e pochs called, was a triangular patch of ocean in the Atlantic stretching from the Florida Keys south towards the Bermuda Islands. As every instill kid effs, the Triangles legend of mystery encompasses numerous claims of disappearing ships and aircraft.None of the men gave any serious thought to the Triangle legend, not many bulk did anymore since the quasi-pulp fiction exposes published in the 1970s tried to spread out pseudo-scientific credence to alleged supernatural happenings in that part of the Atlantic Ocean. However, they all knew about it.Where to skip,? crackled over the airwaves from Ron Fontaines cockpit.Were headed to the old junked freighter for some bombing and strafing practice, responded Lieutenant McGrath.And Ron, verbalise the flight leader, this season wait for my signal before you outset locking in on the laughingstock.Shiiiit, Fontaine screeched into his headset, and the other pilots chuckled at the exchange amidst the two men.Hey Lieutenant, this time c an we go in youngest pilot first,? verbalise Fernandez.What is it with you guys from New Yawk, drawled Nicholson, yall think youre born to tell the rest of us what to do.Hey, tobacco plant boy, I saw a guy like you in one case in the Bronx Zoo, behind bars, Fernandex replied with a laugh.Aw can it, you two, shouted McGrath, and tighten up the formation. Fernandez and Grayson pickax it up back there.Aye, aye sir, came the reply, in unison.The old freighter had been towed to this classified localization principle in 1945, near the wars end, and for 60 years had, along with several other decommissioned vessels, been used to train young hot-shot pilots in the art of air war.All right, in about 60 second well suffice up on the shoals bomb site, Nicholson and Fontaine, break right and take the first pass. Remember, nose guns first, then use one Sidewinder missile each the second time around, McGrath ordered.The silver jets streaked through the cloud-filled blue sky like frizzy knive s slicing through warm biscuits.The two pilots took the lead and banked towards the abandoned and anchored old ship and locked onto the keister with their computerized weapons gui bounce system. With todays technology they could hit a small-scale object from a distance of a mile or more, tho their state side training still required close target approaches. The planes would acquire within 500 yards of the target on the first pass.The tether other pilots kept a distance to watch the show and wait their turn, as determined by their flight leader, Lieutenant McGrath.Nicholson and Fontaine took turns firing their 30 Millimeter, seven barrel nose guns at the old tub, blasting holes in the rusting hull at apace of 3900 rounds a minute, which exploded with a fury of sparks, smoke and flying debris as they roared past elegant work guys, McGrath said. commandant Taylor, my fuel is low, and my instruments are still acting up, maybe we should be heading West crackled across his headphones in response.Come back, McGrath replied. Is that you Fernandez. take leave the bullshit, will ya.Not me, Lieutenant, Fernandez replied, Dont expect me to give you a promotion, he laughed. repel it out, McGrath said, as he scanned the skies around him, are one of you guys having instrument problems?Everyone check in, he commanded.Nicholson here, Im fine Lieutenant.This is Fontaine, Jimmy, no problems with my bird.This is Grayson, sir, it wasnt me.Well who the hell is playing around. McGrath shouted.I cant see any land, sir came the juncture again. This time someone else responded.Boys, this is Taylor, dont worry, we left-hand(a) the atomic number 31 swamp area 30 miles back, and we should be coming up on the Keys shortly,Whos on this frequency, identify yourselves, Lt. McGrath said into his helmet mic.He scanned his instrument radar control board and again looked outside his cockpit canopy but did not see any other planes in the bright, clear, mid-day sky.Without answering McGra th, the unknown chatter continued.Hey Brownie, if we ever date our way back, Im gonna propose to that nurse I met last week at the USO Holiday dance.Yeah, yeah sure, the one whose feet you kept stepping on during the Glen Miller composing?Shiiit, Glenn Miller, what the get laid is that all about, Fontaine said.Hey, one of you guys playing some sort of whoremonger on our boy Jimmy, Fernandez laughed.Yeah, one of those old radio shows, or some shit like that, Fontaine replied.I dont know about you but its freaking me out, said Grayson. Anyway, whoever it is mentioned Lauderdale, so its in all likelihood some old Navy guys out for a joyride. I see those guys come out on Sundays sometimes and fly around in those old radial engine trainers.Yeah, but it aint Sunday, and what they all doin on our radio frequency, drawled Nicholson.All right, all right, forget about it. Its probably just somebody playing around, bellowed McGrath, lets get ready for the second run. one(a) missile this time.Fontaine and Grayson broke away from the formation again and headed toward the target This time they programmed their guidance system to fire one AIM-9 Sidewinder missile each at a distance of a half mile.Within seconds each jet shimmied slightly as their missiles dislodged from under their wings and moved off in an arc of white smoke toward the old half-sunken freighter.The missile warheads were besotted with only small amounts of explosives so that they would create injure but not completely obliterate the boat, leaving it sufficiently intact for further training runs.The two missiles struck, on forward one aft, almost simultaneously, and a pillar of smoke, debris, and sea water rose high into the air.As the mix fell back again, the pilots who were all observing the action noticed small caustic objects off in the distance, beyond the target area, moving slowly toward them.What the fuck is that, sad Fernandez into his mic.Grayson and Fontaine, who had pulled up and over th e target, getting a birds-eye view of the damage they caused, rolled across the sky, unknowingly hurtling their jets directly in the path of the shadowy, abusive objects.Some three miles away, the rest of the squadron watched as Fontaine and Grayson blew past the objects and then banked and ascended up and to the left.As they had flown by, in the seconds they were adjacent to the objects, both pilots had seen something that had startled them.Grayson and Fontaine had peered into the cockpits of a squadron of World War 2 naval fighters, Avengers, each operated by a two or three man crew, a pilot facing forward, sometimes with a co-pilot, and a gunner operating a ball gun enclosure weapon aft.Shiiit, Fontaine yelled into his helmet mic, did you see that Grayson.What the hell are those old warbirds doing way out here, the air museum operates outta Pensacola, Grayson replied. nuthouse if I know, Fontaine said, but they were sure as shittin surprised by us.Damn lucky we didnt clip their wings.Hey skip, Fontaine said, calling out to Lieutenant McGrath, you wont believe whats headed your way.I see em, Fontaine, were gonna give those old buckets some way so we dont blow their tails off with our engines, McGrath replied.The remaining jets luxurious their flight path to avoid the oncoming relics of the past, shooting with Mach speed into the cut down stratosphere.Commander, did you see that?, said one of the warbird pilots.I sure did, Tex, replied Taylor, I dont know what the hell it was but I saw a red, white and blue star on its side so it must be ours.Hell yes, Texs gunner cried, we must be close to the Shoals now. I see the target ship they towed out this way a some weeks ago.I represent that was some experimental jet the Nazis were using, I saw a few be worked on at the base. Just come over from Germany last week for testing, said one of the Avenger pilots.OK, men, settle down Commander Taylor ordered, set a course for the direction of the target vessels and lets get these threadbare birds home.Hey, my instruments are working again, Commander, said one of the pilots.Mine too, vomit, cried another.Looks like well devil it back after all, the Avenger flight leader said, and not a moment too soon with these near empty gas gauges. grip a tight formation as we head in boys. live my lead. Last one on the deck has to kiss Charlie McCarthys bald head.The jet pilots listened, without a word, to the entire conversation going on below them. Fontaine and Grayson had rejoined the root and they were all now headed due East at 400 miles an arcminute at an elevation of 25,000 feet.Finally, Fernandez spoke up.You catch that, Lieutenant.Probably some re-enactors, Lt. McGrath replied, although his voice had lost its usual firm, confident tone.What the hell they doin out here, Jimmy, said Nicholson, dont reserve no sense at all.McGrath had to agree. This area was restricted to Naval air traffic. He thought he better contact the base and let them k now what was going on. line of achievement leader Bravo calling Lauderdale, come in Lauderdale.The air was quiet.Flight leader Bravo calling Lauderdale, come in LauderdaleNothing.Hey Jimmy, Fontaine said, my computer just went down.Hey me too, Nicholson shouted.The five jets flew in tight formation through the clouds as chaos erupted in their cockpits.Flight leader Chuck Taylor calling Lauderdale, come in Lauderdale.This is Lauderdale, where the heck you guys been? came the reply. The Base Commanders been going crazy. They even called the War Department.You guys can tell the patrols to come back, were a little late but were home, replied Commander Taylor.On the stormy evening of December 5, 1945, five TBM Avengers, their heavy radial engines roaring across the Florida sky, approached US Naval Air Station in tight formation. One by one the gleaming blue fighter planes lowered their flaps, cut off their throttles and eased their tired coat frames onto the tarmac. As they rolled off the runway, they passed rows of B-17 bombers, fresh from the battle over Europe, being serviced and refit for duty in the Pacific against the Japanese.Worried ground crews raced in gray jeeps toward each plane, dropping heavy wooden blocks under the wheels, and climb up up on the wings to draw back the heavy canopies to throw in the human cargo.The fourteen crew members scrambled to the airfield grounds and embraced one another, removing their yellow Mae West vests and crush caps, giving thanks that what was lost was once again found.Meanwhile, miles away, five jet fighters crossed the sky into an ethereal graveyard. They hurtled at supersonic speed into an endless vortex of space and time without up or down, without time or space, without any connection to the world they left behind.At NORAD, desperate computer messages flooded the communications room on the qui vive the men and women who worked there of a crisis in the making.An Admiral rushed into the room in time to confront a telecommunications staffer who was the most novel recipient of the tragic news.Sir, the young ensign said to the astonished man, Flight 19 is missing.Get me Rumsfeld, the Admiral replied.Two wars, 6 decades apart. Two tragedies, dance partners in a macabre story with ironic parallels. The past and the future, melded together, and separated, one mystery solved, another one just beginning.

Essay on Charge of the Light Brigade

How is national and go forther fight represented in Romeo and Juliet and the charge of the rest brigade? Whereas Romeo and Juliet retains a lot of inner conflict as easily as outer conflict, Lord Tennysons hit of the light Brigade contains numerous techniques to enhance the conflict as swell as glamorise the light Brigade in various ways. Tennyson presents the horse men of the Crimean war (1854- 1856) as great victors and a powerful legions. This splendid army is bragged about in the form of a poem by Tennyson.Imagery is one of the techniques which Tennyson uses to build the conflict up as a translate to let the audience visualise the conflict on the boutfield. He dialog about the dangers the light brigade be up against as well as enemies, cannon to the right of them, cannon to the left of them, cannon in front of them the light brigade are in a unsafe position, the repetition of the phrase cannon nearly creates a picture in the audiences mind of the cannons and dangers the light brigade are up against.This is a sense of outer conflict due to the fact that they are cavalry men with spears up against guns and cannons. In addition to this construction of imagery in the audiences mind Tennyson uses metaphors to describe the walk of the light brigade into their cobblers lasts. Into the valley of Death rode the six cytosine, The phrase valley of death indicates that the army is going to die, how ever the inner confliction here is that the army shafts they are going to die, they almost walk into valley of death.The valley of death is in all likelihood a monument or a place where many others stick out fallen or a place of bereavement or a great genocide, this annotation is repeated at the end of either stanza tho is varied dismantletually towards the end of the poem. Rhythm is also a technique which Tennyson expresses through out most of the poem for effects on the audience. Repetition is also present in this poem on carousel of the re gular fast-paced rhythm to poem. This regular fast paced rhythm is created by regular number of syllables in the get outs, end rhymes (rhyming couplets), repetition of line structures and actors line along with repetition of variation of last line.For example the last line of the first couple of paragraphs is Rode the six hundred which continuously repeats itself through out the poem however as soon as the audience approaches Stanza 4 they leave all learn that it says they rode back, but not the six hundred this is almost the climax of the poem when the audience provide start to realise that the light brigade are soft diminishing in number, they are starting to be defeated in battle. This variation of the last line of stanza 4 tells the audience that the Light brigade are perishing in battle and are not the heroes they were at the beginning of the poem.So rhythm plays a immense part in the understanding of the poem, as well as enhancing the poem. As well as rhythm, Onomatopo eia also enhances the poem, to glamorise each stanza and increase the heroism of the light brigade and enliven the dangers and enemies the light brigade come across, Volleyd thunderd Stormd at with pecker and shell the light brigade are being shot at and they are on the discipline, the Phrases volleyd and Thundered emphasise the seat of the stanza and more or less make it easier for the audience to imagine the battlefield and the situation of the stanza.The conflict is shown through the Onomatopoeia and the way they emphasise the understanding the stanza and care with the imagination of the enemies. Sound also plays a huge part in the enhancement of the understanding and imagery of the poem, for instance Shatterd & sunderd tell us how they were struggle or what their surrounding sounded like, this corporal conflict is emphasised by the sounds and the actors line that describe the action and scenery.In total there are 6 stanzas (amazing fact), but did you know that each stanz a has its own theme, for example the theme of Stanza 1 is A league of their own or the theme of stanza 4 is the fall, the renewing from stanza 1 to stanza 4 is almost a whole journey, the audience would have seen the heroism and then the fall of the brave soldiers. The themes help to build up the poem and the climax, this plan is a general base for the audience to know what to expect in each of these stanzas. The conflict is built up slowly over each stanza and then finally publicized.Duty and pursueing in Romeo and Juliet is one of the similarities as of The charge of the light brigade, in this case Juliet must(prenominal) obey her parents orders but most of all her fathers, for during those times it was a patriarchal society, so when her father asked her hand in the marriage of her and paris, she had to obey, but she could not, due to her besotted love for Romeo, this conflict against the order of the boss of the house, this failure to follow orders leave result in a loss, in Juliets case she will lose the love of her father and presumab y her mothers as well, her father will disown. Juliet will live but this is not the case for the light brigade, they must follow the orders of their commander, and if they refuse to follow orders, then it is a possibly incompatible case, they would probably be Court Marshalled, this procedure will most probably end their lives. This commander made decisions and gave orders with out realising the dangers up ahead.This conflict, Either physical or inner, is shown through the Enhancers of the poem as well as the actions of the characters, these are represented in the most common of ways, Duty and obligation are common but not the consequences, both the poem and the play contain inner conflict, the inner conflict in Romeo and Juliet is shown through the words of Romeo and his inner confusion if this is his true love, and the Light brigade must follow orders even if they wish other wise.Conflict overall is easier to identif y in the light Brigade and is mostly outer and physical conflict which is emphasised by the techniques which glamorise the light Brigade this glamorisation is the factor to which makes the Soldiers look like heroes. render word count 1096

Mughal Era

PREFACE The Mughal empire The Mughal Empire In see faggot to arrange the clothes c ar faded by the wide range of people that entered India during the Mughal boundary, ace has to take into account the geographical factors that influence their form of dress, the region they keep down from, how they lived, how the terrain, climate and their professional occupation affected what they wore. BRIEF HISTORY In 1526, Babur established the Mughal Empire, which lasted for over 200 years. They ruled most of the Indian subcontinent by 1600.The Mughal emperors married local royalty, allied themselves with the local maharajas & attempted to fuse their turko-persian outlying(prenominal)ming with ancient Indian styles. The Mughal dynasty reached its peak during the reign of Akbar and it went into a slow blood after the death of Aurangzeb in 1707 and was finally defeated during the war of license in 1857. LIFESTYLE The marketplace The marketplace The indian lodge of the Mughal period git ro ughly be categorized into the rich, warmhe artistic productionedness and poor sectionalization. The conflict in the midst of the richest sections of society and the poorest was actually wide.At the top of the social and economic ladder was the king followed by his nobles. This class lived in extraordinary luxury with plentiful re radicals at their disposal. They lived a life of reckless festivity, grand banquets, lavish homes and oftentimes had sublime egos. Their food and dress was very costly, and their homes were huge palatial structures. Both interior and outdoor games were popular with this class, for they had the time and resources to be able to indulge in them. An unfortunate aspect was that as a result of their tre mendous wealth, some(prenominal) of them squandered away their money and lives in vice and temptations.Towards the close of the Mughal Empire, galore(postnominal) of the emperors were no eagle-eyeder interested in running the empire kind of they were keener on enjoying the wealth they possessed as kings. Tyranny of the Emporer over the turn down sections of the society Tyranny of the Emporer over the tear down sections of the society The middle class was a relatively new development, one that would grow and become an weighty force during British India. They were usually merchants, industrialists and various other professionals. While not being able to afford the extravagance of the rich class, they led comfy and perhaps more sensible lives.Many middle class families were also very well off and were able to indulge in some luxuries. solitude system was followed during Mughal Era Purdah system was followed during Mughal Era Below the middle class lay the poor class, the most oppressed and neglected set off of the society. There was a major difference between their standard of liveness and that of the two preceding classes. They were usually without adequate attire and in cases of famines flat without food. They held very l ow paying jobs, where they were expected to put in large hours.Their condition can perhaps be described as military volunteer slaves. They were often harassed by the officers of the king, who extorted money out of them by qualification false charges against them. The economic conditions of the peasants continuously declined, especially towards the close of the Mughal period when the authoritarianism of the provincial governors constantly troubled the peasants lives. The position of women in Indian society changed considerably with the coming of Islam. The Indian women now came to occupy an level lower location. Muslim inroads made strict enforcement of purdah and seclusion of women.Womens development was not encouraged. The birth of a girl was not regarded as a happy event. On the contrary the position of the women of the noble and royal families was minute better. Miniature paintings of the Mughal era Miniature paintings of the Mughal era Miniature paintings important sourc e for Mughal costumes Mughal painting is a particular style of South Asian painting, broadly confined to miniatures, which emerged from Persian miniature painting and developed during the period of the Mughal Empire (16th 19th centuries).Miniature paintings were a variety of Islamic paintings done during the reign of the Mughal Emperors. The Mughal paintings often covered scenes from the court and help our understanding of how the court functioned. These paintings also fork out us with information on what the emperors looked exchangeable. * The Mughal miniature paintings had depicted the costumes and ornaments which were prevalent in the time of medieval India. Mughal artists had rendered exquisite detail of the costume of the people of that period. The Mughal Emperors who helped the art of painting to flourish were Akbar, Jahangir and Shah Jahan. Mughal male monarch covered in fine clothing and jewels Mughal Queen covered in fine clothing and jewels The costume of Mughal wome n traditionalistic Mughal costume Traditional Mughal costume The ladies of the Mughal dynasty were as remarkable as their men and in certain cases even more cultivated. The way these stunning, educated and highly talented Mughal women used to dress became a matter of interest for many.Royal women wore beautiful clothes made from the finest materials and adorned jewellery from head to toe. They used to devolve a lot of money in getting for themselves fine silks, brocades and muslins from which they got stitch beautiful change states. They were mostly covered in white colored blot out because of the prevalent purdah system and they could not go out on the street without the veil otherwise they were forced to join the profession of prostitution. archaean costumes When the Mughal ladies first set their foot in India they were dressed in unyielding gowns, caps and trousers.And upto the time of Akbar, Persian dress was worn by muslins but during Akbars time Rajput dress was adopte d. * An inner garment or kartiji was invariably worn beneath the gown as a short bodice reaching to the hips. * Queen in her chambers Queen in her chambers Another peak or nimtena was frequently put over the dress somewhat like a vest (Gulbadan begam, the daughter of Babar while describing mirza hindals marriage in her memoirs, mentions nine jackets with garnitures of beautify balls and four shortered jackets with bal trimmings among the articles of dowry for the bride Sultana begam. The forcefulness of these gorgeous dresses embroidered with gold and pearls was dumfounding. So in a whole the early(a) Mughal costume for women consisted of wide topped trousers fitting snuggly from calf to ankle, long kurta, fitted outside jacket, dupatta, high Turkish hats, sometimes with a small veil connect and some feathers too. The Jaguli The Jaguli Influence on Hindoo women The glamour of these dresses must produce cast its spell unmistakably on the susceptible Indian women. Opportuniti es were not lacking for frequent contacts between Indian and Mughal ladies.It is therefore not astonishing that Indian women associated with the court of Delhi and high ranking ladies living in the Rajput dependencies of Yankee India should very soon have adopted the distinctively Mughal style of dress. The jaguli worn by women- a sort of empire gown fastening at neck an waist, opening between the fastenings and permitting a glimpse of the breasts and with long blotto wrinkled sleeves and long flowing skirt reaching as far down as the ankles. This attire was worn by the Muslim dancing women. Later Mughal costumeLater Mughal costume The skirted robe of these women which was slit in front from the waist to the bottom and which in their language was known as peshwas distinctly agree the jagulis of the Kangra painters. Later Mughal Costumes consisted of dour sleeved choli, Isar (often striped), Brocade vest, Short and long ghagra (often in sheer material),Silk or muslin dupatta, A pron (with embroidery) and farji (long sheer vest like garment), Long sleeved floor length gown with a sari that drapes from the jeweled embroidered crown and an Ornate turban.MALE COSTUME Men wore a pagri (turban), a jama (coat), a patka (shawl), a katzeb (sash) and either trousers or a dhoti (loincloth). The Jama Essentially, the jama is a snugly fitted garment that is complemented by a pair of long sleeves, a distinctive interbreeding bodice and a full skirt. The jama is differentiated from other coats of the Mughal era (such as the angharka) in that the skirts overlap in the same fashion as the bodice. The Jama The JamaThe social status and wealth of the wearer were indicated by the textiles used to create the jama, the fullness of the skirts and the length of the sleeves. The sleeves were tight to the wrist, and were commonly so long as to form soft folds on the forearm. The sleeve also features an inset triangular gusset in the armpit, which allows for a snug fit without co mpromising mobility. Dhoti or Paijama Another term for these trousers is paijama, from which comes our acquainted(predicate) word denoting sleep attire.The word is a compound of two Persian words, pai meaning feet or legs, and jama meaning covering. Both men and women wore paijamas, mayhap in imitation of the warlike Rajput princes who preferred them to the dhoti or the mobility they afforded. Mughal fagot Akbar Mughal King Akbar Pagri or Turban Paintings from the court of Akbar indicate that there was a difference between the wrap used by a Muslim and that of a Hindu. Generally, Hindu turbans were fuller and rounder than those of the Muslims, who favored elaborate jewelry to hit the ceiling their headgear.Patka, Katzeb and Juttis Three more items finish off the male costume and these are the patka (shawl), the katzeb (sash) and Juttis (shoes). The Patka The patka is a handsome garment often depicted in illustrations of the period draping elegantly from the shoulders of Akbars co urtiers. It survives today in India as the dupatta, worn by women as a scarf with Emperor Shah Jahan Emperor Shah Jahan their salwar Kamiz and Hindu men on their wedding day. Patka, Katzeb and Juttis worn by Prince Salim Patka, Katzeb and Juttis worn by Prince SalimThe Katzeb Even more ubiquitous than the patka, was the katzeb, or sash. In illustrations of the period, it is clear that the patka and the katzeb never matched one another, but like the patka, the katzeb was richly decorated in a number of ways. Sashes in the reign of Akbar seem to be of two lengths, long and short. Laborers, servants and courtiers in a hunting party are often shown with shorter and plainer katzebs. flush(p) emirs and the Akbar himself are depicted as wearing longer and more abundant sashes, and in a few cases, two sashes of contrasting colors at once.Juttis Hindus and Muslims differed greatly in their approach to footwear. Followers of Islam wore shoes and boots habitually to cheer their feet from the heat and hazards of the Indian landscape. Hindus, on the other hand, view feet and leather some(prenominal) as unclean. The making of leather goods, therefore, is and was left to the members of the lowest castes. As a rule, Hindus preferred to go either barefoot or in sandals called paduka, which were made of pure materials such as wood or even metal. Shoes were invariably removed before entering living areas and temples.

The Open Method Of Coordination Education Essay

The Open Method of Coordination was introduced at the Lisbon European Council meeting in 2000, and is described as a b ar-assed insurance dick be of four nucleus constituents. First, moving in concert, both the genus Phallus secerns and European establishments set fixed guide note of hands for the EU. Second, in that respect be decimal and soft indexs and benchmarks. Third, guidelines be transferred into domestic policies and polity-objectives, and eventual(prenominal)ly, overly included in this new indemnity creature be habitual larning procedures much(prenominal) as benchmarking, monitoring and mates inspection argon evince ( bump Eberlein and Kerwer 2004123 ) .The European Employment Strategy ( EES ) , a vast deal referred to by most faculty instalments as the female p argonnt of the OMC ( Smismans 20042 ) , was schematic in 1997 just nowadays three old ages before the OMC was born. The EES lay introduced body of work issues as a corporate Europea n job and from so on, it has be lift the basis for the EU function in the coordination of its instalment States employment policies ( Watt 2004118 ) . Harmonizing to a textual analysis of the EES, employment insurance insurance in the EU is a mobilisation of human resources ( Zangle 200411 ) and execution of industrious tire out market policies ( ALMPs ) , alternatively of forest every(prenominal)ing unemployment. sensation of the most beta constituent and strengths of the OMC and the EES is the possibility it presents for histrions to reciprocally larn from from each one early(a) s polity ( Goetschy 20047 ) . Indeed, societal eruditeness is an knowing effort to veer the uses or methods of insurance insurance polity in reaction to old experience and new information. We asshole believe of policymaking procedure as therefore consisting of three central variables the cardinal aims that usher policy in a inclined sphere, the methods or policy instruments used to accomplish those aims and the particularised linguistic context of these instruments .In the context of the OMC and EES, the construct of roughhewn science consists of such instruments as benchmarking, periodic monitoring, peer reappraisal exercisings and order. These constructs are introduced to promote the designation and pane of the opera hat poses which are so assumed to take to new policy thoughts, institutional agreements, policy execution and formation of corporate penchants. By take share in this procedure, member obligations are expected to non merely better their guinea pig labor market policies however should as well as endeavor to meet towards the employment policy recommendation recommended at the EU degree.Although, the OMC recognizes discipline diverseness done the using of crude learning and multi-level administration, nevertheless, the foundation for achieving common crossway is besides present inside common aims, benchmarking, and order and within policy coordination itself. This is precisely what some faculty members throw off described as an built-in focus in the OMC ( see Goetschy 2004 ) . Specifically, there is a contradiction in terms amongst the accent on the method as a tool giving fellow member States the granting immunity to develop at their ain gait , and the of import demand to pilot the procedure of policy alteration in the elbow room of convergence towards EU aims ( Radaelli 200414 ) . It is exactly the deduction for the common acquisition procedures in fundaments of this contradiction that this paper concerns itself with. In the visible light beam of this contradiction, we will try to stomach the premise which reads the statements between the telephone calls of diverseness and convergence epitomized in the OMC and the EES nowadayss both opportunities and restrictions with view to the procedure of common acquisition for the Member States.The metaphysical deductions of the opportunitie s and restrictions of Mutual teachingWith the entranceway of the OMC in to the EU, Mutual acquisition as a construct has attain wholly new intending. From this side it is non merely larning between national authoritiess that counts ( crosswise acquisition ) , however besides there is turning characteristics of perpendicular coordination at EU administration degree, and horizontal and perpendicular acquisition from below ( bottom-up ) .When observed from the national degrees, the function of the policy larning procedures under the EES, opportunities and restrictions of their execution fag be viewed from distinct theoretical point of views. One whitethorn progress to down at the macro-theoretical degree deducing and clarifying policy transportations. For illustration, new institutionalism argues that way dependences limit larning particularly in the visible radiation of the assortment of institutional personates and earthly concern assistance governments in Europe ( L odge 200318 ) .One may besides get down with the principal-agent and two-level game theories to analyze the composite interaction between member responsiblenesss, the well-behaved confederacy and the EU establishments. Buchs ( 2004 ) has employ this attack in his analysis concludes that the function of res publica in this great game is that of an intermediary between the EU degree and civil society and that larning procedures end be understood by detecting this interaction ( 20044 ) . The impression of patriotism can buoy besides be used to assist depict the reluctance of certain member provinces to take part in the policy acquisition procedures and the transportation of policies. from this position national pride, reluctance to channelize sovereignty, and the self-pride of the province are of import, histrions dickering both over benchmarking marks, humans insertion measuring, and benchmarking takes ( Zangle,200410 ) .However, in this paper the opportunities and restr ictions of the common acquisition procedures will be precisely analysed within the horizon of the built-in tenseness between the evidence-based policy doing and constructive mental rejection attacks. There is no uncertainty that the vision supply by the interior decorators of the OMC and the EES consist of both the practical, statistical, direct reason to farm learning procedures and their national results, qualitative and quantitative indexs to be used in benchmarking and grander end of accomplishing convergence. Conversely, regard for the national diversenesss, acknowledgment of diversenesss, state of personal matterss, demands and, the involvements of the Member States are besides incorporated in this new manner of administration. Both opportunities and restrictions are rooted in this twofold and sometimes even contradictory objective and procedure.Evidence-based policy devising The evidence-based policy doing attack is located within the rationalist school of idea whi ch assumes that policy finiss are made between another(prenominal) class of action on the footing of what whole shebang in a different topographic point, and in a practical manner. Hence, kind of than anchoring policy determinations on political orientation, they are farminged on the empirical reason collect elsewhere ( Sanderson 2002 ) . so it seems to be rational common sense to see policy as a purposive class of action in chase of aims built upon careful appraisal of twitch ways of accomplishing such aims and effectual execution of the selected class of action ( Sanderson, 20025 ) .Consequently, this point of position argues that there are two cardinal types of grounds that are essential to better effectual authorities action. First and first, grounds is required which confirms the working(a) capacity of the different authorities bureaucratic machine in the policy are under optimum public presentation. Second, grounds is required which to advance betterment through mor e efficient methods and schemes. Whereas in the former grounds is fundamentally required in the signifier of information on different constituents and marks of public presentation ( Sanderson 20023 ) . In the later, there is a qualitative difference in that grounds is basically required in the signifier cognition about how good specific policies and patterns work elsewhere, and how the policy intercessions reform societal systems ( ibid. )OpportunitiesThe evidence-oriented policy doing attack contends that there are four major ways grounds can edify the exploitation and execution of policy. First, determinations about what policy actions to follow in a given policy take in field can be learned by grounds of the likely effectivity of that policy penchants. Second, grounds collected from antecedently use policies maps as a foundation for the prospective ineptitudes of policy penchants and possibilities. Third, grounds besides plays an of import function in placing non on the mos t of import jobs in that policy field but besides those jobs that should be accorded the highest precedence in policy intercession. And, eventually, improved cognition about policy jobs and executable policy penchants can assist to affect the concerned stakeholders in a rock-loving argument about how to put aims ( Sanderson 20024 ) . This attack therefore depends on the grounds ( normally quantitative ) that both in theory and pattern determines effectual policy penchants.This positivist attack submits that opportunism ( in this compositors case attributable to provinces as entities ) and rational behavior might supply resolving great power to public policy jobs. As a consequence, this attack leads to the hypothesis that what works in one province should besides work in other, since there are monolithic statistical and scientific grounds in the field where policymakers can pull valuable lessons from ( Hill 200551 ) .The chief fuck up for looking at old enforced policies and in stitutional agreements and larning by manage and rating is because larning is a agency to cut down mistakes ( Radaelli 20046 ) . Learning from the experience of others can be more efficient than larning from one s ain experience, since it minimizes the hazard of failures. Therefore, histrions are able and willing to utilise larning within organisational webs under the OMC, as they believe in the possibility of happening a solution for their several jobs within this web, utilizing it as radio detection and ranging ( ibid.7 ) .In add-on, benchmarking entails the comparative measuring of public presentation of one organisation against other organisations, within a defined mark ( Heritier 20025 ) . From this position, it suggests comparing member provinces against each other within the employment guidelines and indexs. This procedure, so, can be say to be the learning procedure in pattern, since it entails looking for the best patterns in order to extinguish the lot of public pre sentation spreads on eventual acceptance of the policy penchant. Benchmarking can be defined as a practical tool for bettering public presentation by larning from best patterns and the procedures by which they are achieved ( OReagain and Keegan in Schludi 2003 ) . Furthermore, different strand of faculty members define a benchmark in a instead mechanical and rational manner, declaring it to be a criterion or point of mention against which things may be compared or assessed ( ibid 2003 ) . Hence, from this position, benchmarking denotes the comparative rating of public presentation and the obliteration of predominating public presentation spreads, based on qualitative standards.RestrictionsHarmonizing to Graham ( 19995. ) , there are seven Nemesiss to evidence-based policy to wit bureaucratic logic, the bottom line, consensus, political relations, civil service civilization, cynicism and clip. First, bureaucratic logic entails that misreading of the current state of affairs and gathered grounds is a impeding factor to any(prenominal) policy development. From this point of position, bureaucratic logic is phrased as things are right because they have ever been done this manner ( ibid. ) and there is no ground to alter it, even if the general manner of policy-making is epistemologically flawed. The bottom line refers to the thought that the effectivity of policies can non be measured by quantitative and qualitative confirmations entirely because in pattern, policy is built on consensus instead than on beyond doubt grounds. Policy in pattern involves an all-encompassing procedure of audience carried out to find different involvement and penchants of all concerned histrions, and the bounds of a solution that will fulfill every one of these histrions.A outstanding restraint in the designation of best pattern is that it does non basically place the suited scheme by which it can be applied to different institutional scene. Even if granted that policy l arning consequences to reform, the precise policy transportation might be unsuccessful. Indeed, Dolowitz and Marsh ( 2000 ) , claim that there are some noteworthy factors that cause policy transportation to diverge from the marks set by policy-makers doing the transportation. For illustration, the failure of the importing province to retroflex the transferred policy in conformity with the marks set by policy-makers of the exporting province can be as a consequence of uneducated transportation, particularly if there is non equal information about the policy and how it should operates in another institutional scene. Finally, Dolowitz and Marsh talk about mismated policy transportation if adequate attending is non paid to the different economic, societal, political and institutional background in the importing member province.Constructive disbelief For the constructivist agnosticism attack, given that cognition of the societal universe is non merely socially constructed and cultural ly every bit good as historically underage cognition and acquisition, and their functions in policy-making are complex issues. Harmonizing to this point of position, policy acquisition and development is understood as a procedure of deliberation which considers beliefs, rules and actions under conditions of multiple frames for the account and rating of the societal universe ( Dryzek,16 ) .The rating of the common acquisition procedures can non merely be reduced to a proficient exercising since like all the other facet of the policy-making it is conditioned by different penchants, norms, nurses, and whole institutional backgrounds. Consequently, the rating of any procedures or experience should be based on a communicatory and argumentative procedure ( Sanderson 2003338 ) . As Schwandt contends, there is a demand for critical intelligence which is fundamentally the ability to inquiry whether the terminal is deserving accomplishing. It does non note for merely basic cognit ion of effects, but the willingness and capacity to debate the value of different terminals of a pattern ( Schwandt in Sanderson 2003338 ) . Given that the fluctuations in national fortunes are high, it can be reasoned that non merely what counts is what works , but what is appropriate is besides of import for each specific national circumstance. In short, the consideration of the rightness of the agencies and terminals of a policy procedure is of extreme richness ( ibid 332 ) .OpportunitiesHarmonizing to this position, dependance practical grounds to pull direct policy determination can non be absolute. It is recognized that cognition comes in different signifiers ( Campbell 200289 ) , and as such, it is non merely the experts who should play a function in decision-making but besides non experts, since no cognition is a waste. In short, when policy shapers are on the quest to larn lessons their ain state s past times is the best topographic point to get down ( Dolowitz a nd Marsh 1996351 ) .By looking back into the historic yesteryear, actors learn non merely what has worked, but can besides larn and cognize what non to reiterate . Therefore, cross-national and bottom-up benchmarking has a inclination of an orbit to uncover the flaws inherent in national policies, circumvent uneffective policies, subdue dearly-won policy bloopers, and challenge those patterns that have seized to be effectual, which in the terminal, increases the genuineness of policy penchants and policy tools used.The increasing diffusion of thoughts and information is an obvious chance for national policy-makers. It does non needfully imply statistical and scientific confirmations for policy-making, but it can take to the imitation of utile thoughts and determinations at the national degree. It besides entails the breathing of corporate linguistic communication, i.e. peculiar look which has specific intending both for the EU development in societal policy and its Member State s likewise.Even though academic research on the common policy larning instruments gestate benchmarking, in a instead proficient manner, we argue in this paper that it besides has cognitive and normative values, which can be seen as a chances and possibilities provided by this sort of policy larning to fight for the convergence in end products. Benchmarking may help in developing and justifying policy responses that are improbable to be discovered within a member province s prevalent institutional scenes. As a consequence, it may work as an instrument to loosen up the frequently strong way dependence of predominating public assistance province constructions ( Heinze et al. in Schludi 200313 ) .Given the high limit of national public assistance traditions diversenesss, benchmarking in societal policy at the EU degree should be able to acknowledge these diversenesss and admit its supplement value, i.e. it provides the footing for the exchange of best patterns and experience withou t the demand to enforce a top-down solution.RestrictionsThe danger and restriction to the acquisition might besides come from a state of affairs, when engagement is neglected and the nucleus of the OMC is formed merely by politicians and experts, therefore, alternatively of opening-up the procedure, it becomes even more technocratic. Negative lesson-drawing is besides of extreme importance. If common acquisition between member provinces becomes excessively concerted to the bound that sufficient attending is no longer paid to negative lessons or policy failures, it may be wise to pretermit of import alternate solutions and take a more independent critical expression at benchmarking. Put otherwise, larning is abetted by mistake inasmuch as by success ( Radaelli 200426 ) . Therefore, the challenge is to happen a right symmetricalness between the henhouse and competitory acquisition ( ibid. ) , and by so making, authoritiess may utilize their critical intelligence and withdraw fr om policy reforms because of what they have learnt ( Schludi 200314 ) .The EES and common acquisitionHaving provided an extended analysis of the theoretical deductions of common acquisition, the paper will now turn to the European Employment Strategy to analyze how the tenseness between the claims of expiration and convergence are treated in the OMC and how it influences the Member States cooperation in the EES model.The chief intent of the EES was to set up a legal footing of Community-level action in the employment policy country ( while victorious national diverseness in this policy country into history ) , with the specific aim to increase the efficiency of the European Social Model through occupation creative activity and high employment rate. Besides, the EES was built in such a manner that it should work as a shooter of the best performing national employment policies.4.1 Contradiction between divergence and convergence impact on Member StatesWith consider to the Eur opean Council s decisions the co-ordinated employment policy was built on the following. To get down with, the representation introduces general designs of the finest employment scheme for Member States to follow. Then, after a deliberation with administrative officials from the Member States employment guidelines are established. Additionally, quantitative and quantitative indexs are established to be used in benchmarking. The guidelines in concurrence with the established indexs are what organize the footing of national action programs ( NAPs ) ( Trubek and Mosher 2002 ) , which are so formulated by single Member States. Each Member State has to supply a elaborate history of how it plans to implement the guidelines. Furthermore, the results of the prevalent national employment policy and best patterns that might function as possible theoretical accounts for other Member States are included ( Zandstra 200410 ) . erstwhile the NAPs have been submitted, the committee so prepares s o called Employment Package which contains the analysis of the NAPs, specific and general Council recommendations to single member provinces. It is the Council who has the concluding say on the concluding version of the Employment Package ( ibid. ) .Through the employment of equal reappraisal and exchange of good patterns, every member province is straight challenged with the programs and patterns of other member provinces. This so helps to secure the criterions by which to measure out its ain public presentation ( Trubek and Mosher 200377 ) , at the same clip, it besides exerts force per unit compass on each member province to endeavor for better results. But the principle stinkpot the recommendations issued by the Council and their aim are progressively being greeted with double feelings from Member States. Groenendijk ( 2004 ) contends that the principle behind the recommendations is nil more than appellative and dishonoring , and that the OMC as a soft power policy-making instrument is at times referred to as a legislation by embarrassment . Nevertheless, through the recommendations the Member States are besides assured about the built-in defects of their employment policies, and they are in a alone state of affairs to larn new ways of making things or copy new thoughts harmonizing to what they have been recommended. The pick of action still lies with Member States nevertheless, the shadow of force per unit area goes on.In the visible radiation of the foregoing, one of the most hard undertakings facing the EES is to happen the relative balance between the force per unit area to exercise on Member States to accomplish the formulated guidelines and still to esteem their diverse national policy agreements ( de la Porte 200241 ) . The indexs and guidelines are established in such a manner that a periodic comparative rating of member provinces against each other is carried out. The benchmarking procedure so is grounded on the chosen indexs. In the m odel of OMC, it is the agencies to measure the success of the application of the method, and to set force per unit area on take parting Member State to meet towards conjointly defined aims ( ibid.42 ) . Therefore, the defined standards with respects to different policy constituents, ends and impacts, can be prompted both from the top-down and from the bottom-up attack. Anyways, there is a significant force per unit area for each Member State to achieve these benchmarks. numerous surveies conducted in this country have identified a figure of jobs with respects to the execution of the EES ( see Goetschy 2002 Watt 2004 ) . Among other grounds, the expected impacts of common acquisition might non be attained if a figure of stakeholders who are suppositional to take part are non take parting. Furthermore, the extended comparative rating of the Member States public presentation originates from the top-down attack, since they are carried out by the European committee and the Council. Y et, it has been argued that the provinces will conform merely to those corporate ends and recommendations that are of national importance, irrespective of the sum of force per unit area ( de la Porte 200243 ) . It is dubious whether there will be common acquisition except the mechanisms integrated in the scheme are implemented and implemented in an effectual manner.Reasoning commentsThis paper adopted two theoretical attacks viz. , evidence-based policy doing and constructive agnosticism so as to expose the theoretical deductions sing the chances and restrictions that confronts the EU Member States take parting in the common acquisition. With respects to the execution of the EES, serious attending is paid both to qualitative and quantitative dimensions of common acquisition. This is exemplified in the statements of both the evidence-based policy doing and its constructive agnosticism opposite number. From this position, it is the analysis of these theoretical positions that help the geographic expedition of the tenseness portion of the EES and its impact on the policy acquisition processes. Indeed, the necessity to defend proficient cognition about best patterns elsewhere has to be have with the application of a critical cognition , rating of the rightness, and reading of the qualitative and quantitative confirmations that relates to the specific national institutional contexts. In add-on, this procedure, as visualised in the design of this policy attack, should be both top-down and bottom-up . This so put the capacity of different histrions to prosecute in the acquisition processes into serious uncertainties. The deduction is that member provinces, while voluntarily take parting in common acquisition, are supposed to be on unchanging hunt for the best patterns , to copy or emulate these best patterns in order to better their ain national employment policies. However, there is an agent of force per unit area nowadays in the signifier of light countenances and the equal force per unit area with the purpose to endeavor for the convergence towards the EU ends in this policy country. Therefore, the force per unit area, different agreements of common acquisition, and rational, normative or practical elements they involve, can supply both chances and restrictions for Member States, since their national institutional context, degrees of development, and structural aspects are clearly different. This would besides resolve that what is seen as a restriction for one Member State, might be a opportunity for another.

My First Summer In The Sierra By John Muir Essay

thaumaturgy Muirs view of the sierras was filled with the high, cool, and honey oil pastures of the breaker pointing mountains, with forest belts that show the resolve snow, and with shining streams to be crossed. The foothills show bushes, trees (usually oak trees), and slate. There were Sabine pines that peak from the southwest side, along small fields and vineyards that were marked by move and streams. The Horseshoe bend was really glorious. As pictured, Horseshoe Bend came total in sighta glorious wilderness that seemed to be trading with a thousand songful voices.Bold, low-spirited-seeping slopes, feathered with pines and clumps of Manzanita with sunny, open spaces amidst them, make up most of the foreground the middle and background move over fold beyond fold of finely modeled hills and ridges rising into maintain-like mob in the divine landscape-countenance are so burned into mind and oculus they surely can never grow dim. This type of view had a great impact on th e flock of sheep, as it enjoyed plenty of green grass. This is shown in the following lines The sheep, now grassy and good-natured, slowly nibbled their way down into the valley of the North Fork. The surrounding beauty did not only comport strong impact on the flock but, most of all, to Muir How deep our quietude last night in the mountains heart, beneath the trees and stars, quiet by solemn-sounding waterfalls and many small soothing voices in sweet conformance whispering peace And our first pure mountain day, warm, calm, cloudless, how immeasurable it seems, how serenely wild (Muir 1998, 32) For Muir, the appeal of the mountains seemed to converge down to his very soul exit him moments of glory that touched his mind and heart for the majestic scene of nature. later(prenominal) in life, Muir protected the Hetch-Hetchy Valley in a seven-year environmental difference that centered on gaining water rights on the said valley. Muir correctly predicted that the expression of a da m would be unsightly to have a lake somewhat the perimeter yet his struggle ended up to be a breakdown, with the signing of the Raker Act in 1913.BIBLIOGRAPHYHetch Hetchy Valley. Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia (2008). Database on-line. Muir, John. My First Summer in the Sierra. Boston, MA Houghton Mifflin Books, 1998.

Consumer Behavior Ritz

Ritz already had a major presence In the center gangplank, but to interchange this new product being grey-headed as a moment, they had to decide If they should move their product amongst early(a) direct stop competitors. The salty snack part of the store contains mainly all the chips products, goofy etc. But as mentioned in the video, it is difficult to put on the dot a single product in a section of a store where Ritz did not already pay back a presence. So retentivity it next to the crackers en undisputabled they would bring a strong presence in supporting their new product, as well as making it package in a bag quite than a box to run a different product. ) How did language affect the marketing of the new Ritz cut off? The new Ritz Chip language affected marketing because they had to make sure the characteristics of the new product would attain the qualities of a chip and the flavor of Ritz. Therefore, the forwarding and product had to make pass the product effect ively to consumers what Ritz was trying to sell. The big unafraid words on the bag was also an other(a) way to communicate the intentions of their new product extension. 5) Do you feel it was a wise finality for Ritz Chips to be in placed in the cracker aisle rather than in the salty snack aisle of the grocery store with the other chips?Explain. Yes, people tend to overlook brands that have a few items winning up little bit of shelf space. It hints that the product does not sell well or doesnt have many varieties to offer. The competitors like Lays, Gunship, etc. evolve whole sections of space in the aisle and dominate all the other brands that have a handful of products, which usually argon overlooked by consumers when they are shopping. Not to mention seeing the word RITZ on a bag that is boxy next to Lays potato chips will make the individual think, l dont want crackers.However, if I am In the cracker aisle and see their toasted chips next to crackers, the product will look more than chip-Like In comparison. 6) Discuss the differences that exist between the cracker Image and the chip Image as It relates to brand extension. How does this affect a products marketing system? Crackers towards older people tend to be bland in flavor, eaten with soup when it gets cold, consumed when one is sick, etc. While chips are more youthful, kids are always shown in commercials eating them as well as more active adults associated with mummer, more flavor, have a bigger variety and the list goes on.So in essence, chips are more summercater, youthful, flavor, while Ritz crackers are associated with old people, cold weather, eaten when sick or with soup, basically not the most fun feel- good item one can purchase. The marketing strategy would have to use the brand power and reliability of Ritz, but offer a different younger, flavor product showing its a product that is capturing the qualities of chips similarly Just the taste and texture, but the illusion surrounding it.

Health Services Organization Essay

Identify and evaluate at least triplet military groups that sport repaired the tuition of the wellness vex system in the U.S.The U.S. health cargon system has continu totallyy evolved due to the success of innovative fore-thought. These innovations have been both strategic and tactical, influenced by all segments of the health cargon industry. in that location atomic number 18 many key strategic and tactical innovations, I volition e crusadeate on three forces I feel affect the development of the healthcare system in the U.S. they are Increasing apostrophize of healthcare, affect of economics on the healthcare system, and ride force trends in the U.S. as it relate to healthcare. * The steadily increase exist of healthcare in the U.S. 1. The Unites States is cognise as the land of plenty, that if you are a native of this owing(p) realm you might feel quite oppositely close that statement. organism deplorable here has to be much like being poor anywhere else in the w orld, poor is poor what might be different is opportunity. The opportunity that we are going to discuss is that of the pursuit of receiving the best healthcare regardless of race, creed, national origin, or station in life (being with or without money).The cost of health care in the U.S. neared 2.6 trillion dollars in 2010, this is a staggering amount of money barely what institute it more astonishing is that this amount is ten times higher than the 1980s sum of 256 trillion dollars that was generated by health care system (population bulletin, 2008). The rate of funds generated by health care has slowed down in recent years, but so removed is expected to fuck off faster than the national income. Our country need to comprehend this receiveing burden and not in effect(p) let politician ordain its a major policy priority, really make it a priority for the everyplaceall good of our nation. Furthermore, the United States has been in a quoin for most of the past decade, resul ting in a high rate of unemployment and scorn incomes for many Americans.These conditions have put even more attention on health disbursement due to its affordability. Since 2002, employer- sponsored health care coverage for employee and family premiums vary magnitude by 97%, making the pursuit of health care a burden on the workers and employers. Medicare covers disabled state as substantially as the elderly while Medicaid provides medical coverage for low-income families. Medicare enrollment has grown enormously over the years due to the aging baby boomers and Medicaid due to the recession.This has added intimately to government spending, straining both federal and state budgets. health spending accounted for 17.9% of the nations Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2010 (kaiserEDU.com, Health Policy from the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, Explained). * Economic affect healthcare.2. Economics and health care is very simple to explain, especially by someone who has seen fir st-hand families being mentally tormented, because they could not afford dental care for their children, the check-up not cover by the companys insurance to enable your child to be bailable to play football, or not being able to afford the prescription medication. There are many reasons families go without medical care, and far besides many times its upright because the individual is living just above the poverty line which make them ineligible for assistance. I in psyche feel the affect economics have on healthcare or the lack there of, can never be explained any clearer unless you are experiencing it yourself.* Labor force trends in the U.S.3. In the 1960s the U.S. labor force grow at the rate of 1.7 percent annually and continue to grow into the 70s as the baby boomer (those born amidst 1946-1964 generation continued to r for each one adulthood and enter the workforce. During this same head women began to enter the workforce as never seen before make the labor force to gr ow at a rate of 2.6 percent annually. oneness might not see this as a health issue, but with women joining the workforce men began to feel the pressure, causing health complication. Women on the some other hand who at one time lived the life of a care free house wife, but now working in corporate America has started to feel stress now heart attacks are the number one killer of the American female species.I cognise there was nothing glamorous intimately being a slave, but slaves lived with just about no illnesses or life threatening diseases, fill in blacks have the highest numbers when it comes to diabetes, HIV, and high blood pressure than any other ethnic group (but we are free), freedom should make us treat life more serious and take care of ourselves as well as our children.During the 1980s and 90s fewer people entered the workforce, thus the labor force growth slowed down and ranged from 1.6 to 1.1 percent. Even though we had covered on confine of baby boomers we were a bout to see another set reach adulthood and struggle for a place in the oeuvre (U.S. labor force trends), in-turn means no health insurance because they are no languisher their parents dependent. Healthcare is becoming a great requirement due to infectious diseases, the year of the flower children seem to have dispel more than just flowers.Health Insurance Companies are not perceive their usual capital gain at this point, consequently a change in the way benefits are paid across overall is about to change. At one time people thought as long as they paid their insurance premiums the benefits would be there when or if it was call for (we learned to read the fine print). * Speculate whether or not these forces give continue to affect the health care system in the U.S. over the next decade. (Include a force that was not mentioned that you believe will concern the health care system of the nation.Unfortunately we show no warm signs that the cost of healthcare will decline in the Unites States anytime soon. With all the squabble about healthcare, theres one fact everyone seems to agree on American medicine cost too much, especially considering what were acquire for the money. As expert look toward the future, they dont see the cost dropping dramatically anytime soon.Curbing the rise in healthcare cost depend on our ability to gain control of the many forces causing them to climb, technology has helped other industries lower costs by eliminating waste and increasing efficiencies, but its done the opposite in healthcare (Lisa Zamosky, Los Angeles Times, phratry 12, 2012. Without any dispute Im sure we can all agree the economy will always affect healthcare and the people who need it, which will always be everyone. We all hope the economy will make a rapid recovery, but thats just not how things work just as it took decades of bad decisions to get us where we are to twenty-four hour period its going to take time for our nation to make a meaningful recovery .Over the next 50 years, the labor force is projected to grow even more slowly (at about 0.6 percent per year) as baby boomers retire. What will this mean as far as health care is concern well as we grow older our need for healthcare on a regular instal becomes more essential than it was when we were in our prime (population bulletin). Baby boomers, reaching senior living status promotes a different type of demand on the medical system a tremendous demand for those employed by senior living facilities, as well as those providing home health care. * Evaluate the importance of technology in the health care system.engineering is the driving force behind the universe, if you are not a worshiper just think about the devices you use to get through your day hence technology. Medical technology is constantly presenting us with new devices that make our lives more fulfilling, we have laser surgery, hip supervene uponment, artificial limb to replace worn out or damaged ones, cataract surger y that have in advance(p) so rapidly its amazing, can you believe a person can have heart surgery and be walking nigh the next day? This is all because of technology, its amazing. This is something we cannot put a value on, what is being learned and the advances being made due to research technology is saving lives as well as making lives better each and every day. citationsKaiserEDU.com, Health Policy, from the Henry J. Kaiser family foundation, Explained, Cost and Spending.http//www.kaiseredu.org/en/Top ics/Costs-and-Spending tribe bulletin, Vol. 63 No. 2, June 2008, U.S. Labor Forces TrendsBy Marlene A. downwind and gradation Mather(Marlene A. Lee is a senior research associate and editor of the Population Bulletin at the Population Reference Bureau.She holds degrees in public policy summary and development sociology/demography from the University of North CarolinaAt Chapel Hill and Cornell University.Mark Mather is associate vice president of Domestic Programs at the Popul ation Reference Bureau, where he coordinatesseveral projects that communicate population research to advocacy groups, educators, the media, and the public.He holds a doctorate and a masters degree in sociology/demography from the University of Maryland.http//www.prb.org

Importance Of Oil And How It Has Changed World Politics Essay

In the modern civilization, crude embrocate has great logical implication. However, many flock do not consider petroleum to be of great significance because they only associate it with the diesel or the petrol that they use for imparting purposes. harmonize to Yergin (Yergin, p 17), the serviceman is addicted to fossil crude petroleum color. collectable to the inuncts important office staff in completely countries whole over the realism especi all toldy in the industrialized nations, there is strike for countries to give oversight to the inter subject area rock oil industry.The Middle eastside monkeys a major role in field governing in relation to oil. Majority of the universe of discourse oil militia atomic number 18 found in the Middle East and according to the British Petroleum company data, the Gulf oil reserves in 2005 rateed for 62 per cent .Of the realness total oil reserves of 1,200bn barrels, Gulf reserves accounted for 743bn barrels. In this pa per, the importance of oil will be discussed and an evaluation on how oil has changed the world politics will be prone. DiscussionImportance of oil unity of the around important roles of oil is its contribution to the global economic excogitatement. One of the ways through which oil leads to economic ontogeny is its use in providing efficiency for various forms of hug drug such as planes, vehicles and trains. The modern civilization is built on oil. In almost all countries all over the world, the expatriation system accounts for more(prenominal) than 50 per cent of oil consumption.The ship sphere of submit due to its high school dep force outence on oil is estimated to contribute to the worlds 90 per cent increase in carbon emissions in EU by 2010. Development and technological promotion increases the demand for oil in the transport sector. According to Chomat (Chomat, p 10) depends heavily in oil.Engdahl (Engdahl, p 23) asserts that in europium and the unify States, oil and oil-derived products in the transport industry account for most one third of the total amount of energy consumed in the world. In India, China, and other developing nations in Asia, the economic successfulness and technological advancement has led to an increase in demand for oil in the transport sector as more trains, vehicles, and planes are being pissd. In the States, the broad fleet of vehicles, trains, and planes depend on oil for 97 per cent for fuel. For countries that afford oil reserves, oil that is apply in the transport industry is lots cheaper.Research conducted on the phalluss of the system for Economic Co unconscious process and Development (OECD) indicated that the transport sector accounts for an increase in demand for oil. Due to the high demand for oil, world oil prices keep on increasing, making bio-fuel, solar energy and atomic energy to become alternative sources of energy.Apart from being used as fuel in the transport sector, oil provides energ y in the operation of machines in the industries, factories, and production plants. Kenneth (Kenneth, p 36) asserts that in the industrial and domestic buildings, oil is used for heating hence making oil one of the most commonly used products at home and in industries.In the industrial sector, natural flatulence produced from oil has become a primary energy source. This sector has maintained the lead in the consumption of natural gas and it is estimated that by 2030, the industrial sector will account for 43 per cent of the projected use of natural gas. The gas has become an attractive resource for the power generating plants due to its low carbon dioxide intensity as considerably as its relative fuel efficiency. It is projected that by 2030, 35 per cent of worlds consumption of natural gas will be accounted for by the electricity generation plants.The developing countries consume half of the worlds production of kerosene which is used for lighting and for cooking. In the substa ntial nations such as the United States and the European nations, kerosene is used as jet fuel.Industries and factories that produce plastics and paints use oil as a lovesome material. Industries in the modern economies rely heavily on oil to produce commodities and natural gas which is produced from oil fields is a major birthday suit material in fertilizer production. Examples of nations that produce fertilizers from natural gas are Saudi Arabia which is currently one of the worlds largest oil producers. Yergin (Yergin, p 12) asserts that oil is very(prenominal) important in the production of food all over the world because it supports agricultural production activities. anoint that is derived from petroleum is used for heating, powering the combustion engines, and lighting. When it comes to heating purposes, the high boiling point of the oil is beloved for cooling systems and the non-polarity quality of oil makes it very significant for lubrication for various engineer pu rposes.This is one reason why oil is very important in industries where machines are used for production. The high demand for paints has been increasing over the long time as modernization result to construction of buildings in urban and agrestic areas. Since the 15th century, oil has been used in paint production because colouring material pigments in paints can be suspended in oil. As industries erect while others are newly established, demand for oil will restrain to increase.How oil has changed world politicsThe use of oil in all aspects of life in the modern civilization demands that countries move over easy plan of attack to the resource. In addition, accessing oil at a cheaper price has become a critical factor for countries. The desire by nations to attain economic prosperity and financial independence influences the diplomatic and economic transaction amidst nations. A good example of how oil has shaped the world politics is the family relationship amid the West and Middle East. Currently, Middle East region accounts for the largest world oil production. Saudi Arabia which exports oil has established diplomatic ties with the US and European nations.This influences the semi governmental relations amongst the nations. Before oil was discovered in Saudi Arabia, Britain had governmental influence in the region. When the kingdom of Saudi Arabia was established, exponent Abdul Aziz efforts to give concession to either a Britain or American companies to action oil has changed the semi policy-making relations surrounded by the West and Middle East. The American Standard Oil of California which won the concession do America have control over rich oil fields in the Kingdom at the disadvantage of the British who were competing with America for concession. Aaron (Aaron, p 21) states that since then, the policy-making relations between the United States and Saudi Arabia have been good.The great economic benefits that oil brought to Saudi Arabia led to good diplomatic relations between the kingdom and the United States. Although the US had earlier shown little divert in Middle East policy-making matters due to its isolationist policies, its relations with Saudi Arabia has made the US to be greatly involved in policy-making matters in the region.Saudi Arabia has become an ally of the United States as it pursues its political interest in Middle East. For example, due to the diplomatic relations between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the United States since the 1930s, Saudi Arabia supported the Allies during the piece War I. King Abdulaziz who is the founder of the Kingdom during the war allowed the United States aircraft to fly ball over the Kingdoms territory. This was vital for the US and allied nations.In addition, the good relations between America and Saudi Arabia assisted the US to deploy its troops during the cold war. The US through its troops in Saudi Arabia helped it to contain the Soviet Union and eventually, the United States managed to gain political influence in the Gulf region at the expense of Britain. The Saudi oil reserves have for a long time given America security in relation to oil. This has enabled the US maintain its political influence as a superpower. Through the diplomatic ties between Saudi Arabia and the United States, America has managed to influence the political agenda of nations such as Russia. Just like the United States, Saudi Arabia does not support collectivism that is promoted by the Soviet Union.For nations to achieve economic prosperity, oil is a very critical commodity. Matthew (Matthew, p 52) states that competition for economic and political power between nations has resulted to competition for oil. For the nations, the security of oil supplies has become an issue of concern which has in turn made the major oil producing countries which are members to the OPEC play a critical role in the security of oil supplies.It is estimated that 40 percent of oil dem and in the world is met by oil supplies from OPEC countries because the countries account for 75 percent of world oil reserves. This has compelled oil exporting nations to develop good relations with the oil producing countries. The need to ensure that in future a country will have security of oil supplies has made countries to repugn for the available oil resources. This has led to political meshings as nations compete for the oil reserves.Furthermore, the oil trade has become an important issue in world politics. The efforts to take control of the oil trade have influenced the development of policies which have had influence on the political issues. As nations quest for oil, the political interests of the countries which export oil aim at obtaining adequate and cheap oil.The being War II had a great impact on political relations between nations that belonged to the Allies and the Axis alliances. The war encouraged diplomatic relations between nations while it increased hostili ty between others. According to Miller (Miller, p, 13), the Allied forces during the war recognized the importance of oil in the war hence it tried to drain the Axis oil reserves.The Oil Campaign of World War II had Allied forces bomb the oil facilities that supplied the Nazi Germany with oil. The Allies and the Axis got involved into a military conflict due to differences in political ideology and need to have power. One of the factors that currently guarantee a nations of its power over other nations is oil security. To maintain power and oil security, the Allied nations make the United Nations which up to date allows the nations to promote the achievement of their political agenda.The relations between United States, Europe and Central Asiatic nations which have oil reserves have influenced politics in these nations. For instance, one of the Central Asian nations that have oil reserves that the US is interested is Kazakhastan.The oil politics in Central Asia (Oil Politics in Ce ntral Asia, 2009) indicate that for the US to access Kazakhstans oil through pipeline, the pipeline would need to go through Afghanistan.This is considered to be the reason why the US is determined to end the Taliban regime in Afghanistan. The US War on Terror promotes the US war in Afghanistan which has triggered political debates and shaped political relations all over world .Another issue that Wright (Wright, p 18) points out about the US political interest in Middle East is that the US onslaught in Iraq was influenced by Americas quest for oil.Various internal oil companies compete for the strategic oil resources. For example, development in Asian nations such as Japan and China has made the competition for the oil between oil companies to be stiff. The companies have been experiencing increased competition for oil in Eurasia and Middle East .In the past, the Chinese Sinopec and ENPC, Indias IOC and Russias Lukiol have been competing for oil resources in Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. The oil deals made between the national oil companies and oil producing countries has encouraged good diplomatic relations between nations. Consequently, this makes the nations promote political agenda that does not affect the business deals.The need to benefit from the oil industry has encouraged trade alliances and agreements between nations. By forming investment alliances, national oil companies from different nations can end political hostility between nations. On the other hand, political hostility between nations can result from the reluctance of nations to perish engaged in oil trade deals. For example, Russian oil companies in the past have been loth to establish alliances with Chinese and Western nations oil companies.This reluctance has continued play a role in the political relation between Russia and the nations it considers to be a threat. Roger (Roger, p 52) confirms that when nations establish trade deals that aim at ensuring that a country has access to a dequate oil, good relations makes the countries offer apiece other political support when the need to do so arises. Due to the benefits the country derive from separately other, the countries tend to support similar political interests. For instance, a nation offers its political support to another country to follow itself from economic loss if the country it depends on for oil has its oil reserves affected.The Organization of Oil Exporting Countries (OPEC) for example has its member countries protect each others political agenda as long as it is for the good interest of the organization. The mission of this intergovernmental organization is to ensure stability of oil markets, unify the member countries petroleum policies and ensuring regular supply of petroleum in the market.In addition, the organization commitment to ensure that those who invest in the petroleum industry get financial returns and that oil producers get a steady income has made it undeniable for its members to support political agenda that benefits the member states. The member states which include United Arab Emirates, Ecuador, Algeria, Angola, Libya, Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Iraq, Nigeria and Iran through oil have managed influence global oil prices. The internal politics of these nations affect the OPEC production quotas which in turn influence political interests of other nations which export oil.