What Is a Column in the Architectural World

In architecture, a column is an upright pillar or post. Columns may support a roof or a beam, or they can be purely decorative. A row of columns is called a colonnade. Classical columns have distinctive capitals, shafts, and bases. Some people, including the 18th century Jesuit scholar Marc-Antoine Laugier, suggest that the column is one of the essential elements of architecture. Laugier theorizes that primitive man required only three architectural elements to build a shelter — the column, entablature, and the pediment. These are the basic elements of what has become known as the Primitive Hut, from which all architecture is derived. Where does the word come from? Like many of our English-language words, column originates from Greek and Latin words. The Greek kolophÃ… n, meaning a summit or hill, was where temples were built in places like Colophon, an ancient Ionian Greek city. The Latin word columna further describes the elongated shape we associate with the word column. Even today when we speak of newspaper columns orspreadsheet columns, or even spinal columns, the geometry is the same — longer than wide, slender, and vertical. in publishing — the distinctive mark of the publisher, much like a sports team may have an associated symbolic mark — comes from the same Greek origin. The architecture of ancient Greece was distinctive and remains so today. Imagine living in an ancient time, perhaps in BC when civilization began, and you are asked to describe the grand, stone projections you see high on a hill. The words that describe what architects call the built environment usually come well after the structures are built, and words are often inadequate descriptors of grand visual designs. The Classical Column The ideas of columns in Western civilizations come from the Classical architecture of Greece and Rome. Classical columns were first described by an architect named Vitruvius (c. 70-15 BC). Further descriptions were written in the late 1500s by the Italian Renaissance architect Giacomo da Vignola. He described the Classical Order of Architecture, a history of the columns and entablatures used in Greece and Rome. Vignola described five basic designs: Greek Columns and Entablature:DoricIonicCorinthianRoman Columns and Entablature:TuscanComposite Classical columns traditionally have three main parts: The base. Most columns (except the early Doric) rest on a round or square base, sometimes called a plinth.The shaft. The main part of the column, the shaft, may be smooth, fluted (grooved), or carved with designs.The capital. The top of the column may be simple or elaborately decorated. The capital of the column supports the upper portion of a building, called the entablature. The design of the column and entablature together determine the Classical Order of Architecture. Out of (Classical) Order The Orders of architecture refer to the designs of column combinations in Classical Greece and Rome. However, decorative and functional posts and shafts that hold up structures are found throughout the world. Over the centuries, a variety of column types and column designs have evolved, including in Egypt and Persia. To see different styles of columns, browse our Photo Guide to Column Design and Column Types. Function of a Column Columns are historically functional. Today a column can be both decorative and functional. Structurally, columns are considered compression members subject to axial compressive forces — they allow space to be created by carrying the load of the building. How much load that can be carried before buckling depends on the columns length, diameter, and construction material. The columns shaft is often not the same diameter from the bottom to the top. Entasis is the tapering and swelling of the columns shaft, which is used both functionally and to achieve a more symmetric look — fooling the naked eye. Columns and Your House Columns are commonly found in 19th century Greek Revival and Gothic Revival house styles. Unlike large Classical columns, residential columns usually carry the load of a porch or portico only. As such, they are subject to weather and rot and often become a maintenance issue. Too often, home columns are replaced with cheaper alternatives — sometimes, unfortunately, with wrought iron. If you buy a house with metal supports where columns should be, you know that these are not original. Metal supports are functional, but aesthetically they are historically inaccurate. Bungalows have their own type of tapered columns. Related Names for Column-Like Structures anta — A flat, square, column-like structure, usually on either side of a door or the corners of a buildings facade. These pilaster-like paired structures, called antae (plural), are really a structural thickening of the wall.pillar — Like a column, but a pillar can also stand alone, like a monument.support — A very general word that describes a functionpilaster — A squared column (i.e., a pier) protruding from a wall.engaged column — A round column protruding from a wall like a pilaster.post or stake or polepier — A squared column.buttressunderpinning Source Inline photo of metal columns  ©Jackie Craven

William Shakespeare s Julius Caesar - 1721 Words

Often in fiction, a character who murders another character is often viewed as the villain of the story. Their crime usually stems from their own deep rooted hatred of a person and is often in some way personally benefiting to themselves. However, this is not the case of Brutus in Shakespeare’s play, Julius Caesar. Brutus’s plan to murder Julius Caesar does not make him a villainous man but a rather noble one. Despite his plot against Caesar, Brutus’s intentions were always one-hundred percent honorable. The first instance in the play where the reader learns of just how honorable a man Brutus is, is in Act 1, Scene 2. When Cassius asks Brutus if he is going to the race being held that day, Brutus responds, I am not gamesome. I do lack some part Of that quick spirit that is Antony. (JC 1.2.28-29) . This statement sums up the personalities of both Brutus and Antony and their feelings on how Rome should be ruled. Brutus does not feel inclined to be ruler and have control over everyone whereas it would seem Antony is interested in having that power. From this early part of the play, Shakespeare lets the reader know that Brutus is not a competitive man in the least whether when it comes to athletics are political power. Later in this same conversation with Cassius, Brutus starts to become genuinely distressed over the shouting and applause he keeps hearing and he fears that it is the excitement of Caesar having been crowned king. Cassius wonders if Brutus wouldShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Julius Caesar1082 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"Et tu, Brutà ©? Then fall Caesar† (III.i 179). The fatal stabs of the conspirators did not kill the all-mighty Julius Caesar, for the sharp butcher of Brutus pierced his heart and condemned his life to cessation. This dramatic, mood changing affair serves as the pivotal platform in William Shakespeare’s, Julius Caesar. It is a compelling novel that recounts the unjust murder of Julius Cae sar, an ancient Roman general. Oblivious to this conspicuous foreshadowing, Caesar fails to distinguish his trueRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Julius Caesar Essay1833 Words   |  8 Pages INTRODUCTION The seemingly straightforward simplicity of â€Å"Julius Caesar† has made it a perennial favourite for almost 400 years. Despite its simplicity, almost Roman in nature, the play is rich both dramatically and thematically, and every generation since Shakespeare’s time has been able to identify with some political aspect of the play. The Victorians found a stoic, sympathetic character in Brutus and found Caesar unforgivably weak and tyrannical. As we move into the twenty-first century, audiencesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Julius Caesar Essay2414 Words   |  10 Pages Christa Kiesling AP Lang Block 1 Mr. Snider 6 Nov. 2016 RA1 William Shakespeare, in his historical play Julius Caesar, makes the characters Brutus and Antony utilize rhetorical strategies in order to win the favour of the Roman people for their own purposes. These two speakers try to convince the audience of different things: where Brutus, who speaks first, was trying to subdue the passions of the mob and use logic to win acceptance for his murderous actions, Antony, who had to follow Brutus, wasRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Julius Caesar760 Words   |  4 Pagespeople of Rome. In Julius Caesar written by William Shakespeare, Brutus and Antony address the people over Caesar’s dead body. The body is brought to the town square shortly after he was murdered by the Senate. Brutus, one of the murderers, appeals to the people’s fear and patriotism. Antony speaks after and puts doubts of the justification of the murder and plays to the people’s hearts. Brutus addresses the crowd by using his reputation to support his reasons for killing Caesar. He starts his speechRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Julius Caesar804 Words   |  4 Pagesthe phenomenal, as well as tyrannical, Roman rulers throughout history, Julius Caesar is by far the most prominent. This fame is due in no small part to William Shakespeare and his play that bears the same name. However, although Caesar is the play’s namesake, the story’s central focus is on Brutus and Caius Cassius and their plot to assassinate Caesar. When discussing Antony’s fate in Act II scene 1 of Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar, Brutus argues against what he perceives as the unnecessary and brutalRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Tragedy Of Julius Caesar919 Words   |  4 Pageschoices that eventually bring about their demise. At first glance, Caesar may appear to be the tragic hero, when the real tragedy actually lies in Brutus’s story in William Shakespeare s p lay The Tragedy of Julius Caesar. One tray a tragic hero must posses is that they are relatable. The play may be named for Caesar, but the reader simply knows more of Brutus and his motives, which help to make his story a tragedy more so than Caesar s. Brutus’ thoughts, actions, and history are made more apparentRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Tragedy Of Julius Caesar1508 Words   |  7 Pages William Shakespeare’s play, â€Å"The Tragedy of Julius Caesar† was mainly based on the conspiracy to assassinate Julius Caesar. â€Å"Julius Caesar† is a play based on rhetoric and politics. Rhetoric is the science of manipulation. Marcus Brutus, a Senate and a beloved friend of Caesar stood as the face among the conspirators leading the assassination of Julius Caesar. Aristotle said, â€Å"A man doesn’t become a hero until he can see the root of his downfall†. He defined a tragic hero as someone who is highlyRead MoreThemes Of William Shakespeare s Julius Caesar 2063 Words   |  9 Pages Theme, Mood and Conflict in Julius Caesar Savannah Baine â€Å"Come I to speak at Caesar’s funeral. He was my friend, faithful and just to me. But Brutus says that he was too ambitious, and Brutus is an honorable man .† Mark Antony (Act 3,Scene 2,Line 85). â€Å"Julius Caesar† by William Shakespeare, is a classic play depicting the death of Caesar and the chaos that ensues afterwards. One theme in this play is fate vs. free will, the mood is seriousRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Julius Caesar1201 Words   |  5 PagesDellinger English II 4/18/17 Julius Caesar There are many people you may have heard of that lived during 100 B.C.- 10 A.D. in Rome. Some of those people include Marcus Brutus, Cleopatra, Mark Antony, and Julius Caesar. In this paper I will be talking about Julius Caesar. And while doing so I will be talking about his early/personal life, his career, and his assassination. Julius Caesar was born July 12. B.C. as Gaius Julius Caesar, to Aurelia Cotta, and Gaius Julius Caesar. Julius was born with the NeurologicalRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Julius Caesar1119 Words   |  5 PagesOration in Julius Caesar, and Why It Wouldn’t Stand in Court â€Å"Circumstantial evidence is a very tricky thing. It may seem to point very straight to one thing, but if you shift your own point of view a little, you may find it pointing in an equally uncompromising manner to something entirely different.† – Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. What does circumstantial evidence have to do with a speech, you may ask? In a manner of speaking, everything, for the evidence maketh the speech. In William Shakespeare’s

Essay On Pride And Prejudice Example For Students

Essay On Pride And Prejudice In Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen, the emphasis is on irony, in its exposure of foolishness and the importance of social values. Jane Austens irony is devastating in its exposure of foolishness. There are various forms of exquisite irony in Pride and Prejudice, sometimes the characters are unconsciously ironic, as when Mrs. Bennet seriously asserts that she would never accept any entailed property, though Mr. Collins is willing to. â€Å"Often Mr. Bennet and Elizabeth serve to directly express the authors ironic opinion† (Trevor 352). When Mary Bennet is the only daughter at home and does not have to be compared with her prettier sisters, the author notes that: â€Å"it was suspected by her father that she submitted to the change without much reluctance† (Austen 189). Mr. Bennet turns his wit on himself during the crisis with Whickham and Lydia: â€Å"let me once in my life feel how much I have been to blame. I am not afraid of being overpowered by the impression. It will pass away soon enough†(Austen 230). Elizabeths irony is lighthearted when Jane asks when she began to love Mr. Darcy: à ¢â‚¬Å"It has been coming on so gradually that I hardly know when it began. But I believe I must date it from my first seeing his beautiful grounds at Pemberly† (Austen 163). â€Å"She can be bitterly cutting however in her remark on Darcys role in separating Bingley and Jane† (Bowen 107): â€Å"Mr. Darcy is uncommonly kind to Mr. Bingley, and takes a prodigious deal of care of him† (Austen 202). â€Å"The author also independent of any character, uses irony in the narrative parts for some of her sharpest judgments† (Bradley 9). The Meryton Community is glad that Lydia is marrying such a worthless man as Whickham: â€Å" and the good nature wishes for her well doing, which had proceed before from all the spiteful old ladies in Meryton, lost but a little of their spirit in this change of circumstances, because with such a husband, her misery was certain† (Austen 270). â€Å"Austen uses irony to provoke gentle, whimsical laughter and to make veiled, b itter observations as well; in her hands irony is an extremely effective device for moral evaluation† (Francis 21): â€Å"She has Elizabeth say that she hopes she will never laugh at what is wise or good† (Austen 143). The characters on Pride and Prejudice are full of social values. â€Å"Every character is measured against the intelligence and sensitivity which eighteen-century people called good sense, and they stand and fall by common consent of the evaluation made by the author† (Hirsch 74). â€Å"The characters themselves, the sensible ones, accept this standard, and their relationships are determined by it, Mr. Bennet cannot be happy with his wife because he does not respect her† (Watt 296): â€Å"Mr. Bennet saw his wife, he was thinking about how obstinate she was, how money made her so happy, and how hypocrite she was† (Austen 90). â€Å"For this reason he retreats the ridiculousness of his family into sarcasm and carelessness† (Schroer 84). â€Å"Elizabeth also feels pained by her familys folly, and can not help realizing how harmful it is to Lydias and her own romances† (Brower 172): â€Å"I have bad news for you imprudent as a marriage between Mr. Whi ckham and our poor Lydia would be, we are now anxious to be assured it has taken place in Scotland† (Austen 262). â€Å"Likewise when Charlotte Lucas marries the idiotic Mr. Collins for purely materialistic reasons, Elizabeth knows their friendship can never be the same; they will separate. This stress on good sense brings characters together as well† (Jenkins 289). Jane, Elizabeth, and the Gardiners are tied to each other by affection and an alert confidence in each others judgment. â€Å"They can rely on both the mind and the heart of the others; this sensible and spirited attitude is what draws Darcy to Elizabeth in the first place. Since the quality of good sense is so important for the characters, we should know what it specifically is† (Watt 300). The two characteristics already mentioned, intelligence and sensitivity, are obviously essential. â€Å"A sense of responsibility also seems to be part of it† (Hirsch 64). Mrs. and Mr. Bennet are not sensib le when they fail to guide their family. This responsibility involves a consideration for the feelings of other people which silly characters as Mr. Collins, Lady Catherine de Bourgh, and Lydia Bennet conspicuously lack. â€Å"What happens in Pride and Prejudice happens to nearly all of us, embarrassment at the foolishness of relatives, the unsteady feelings of falling in love, and the mortify of suddenly realizing a big mistake† (Bradley 28). â€Å"The psychological realism of the novel is revealed in the quick recognition we have of how the characters feel, there is a very convincing view of how an intelligent, feeling person changes, the sensitiveness of how people do feel and act† (Trevor 351); as when Elizabeth and Darcy are angry at each other and how they completely change their minds with the passage of time. .u69d3692e48ff6a5f5a387578c877cb1a , .u69d3692e48ff6a5f5a387578c877cb1a .postImageUrl , .u69d3692e48ff6a5f5a387578c877cb1a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u69d3692e48ff6a5f5a387578c877cb1a , .u69d3692e48ff6a5f5a387578c877cb1a:hover , .u69d3692e48ff6a5f5a387578c877cb1a:visited , .u69d3692e48ff6a5f5a387578c877cb1a:active { border:0!important; } .u69d3692e48ff6a5f5a387578c877cb1a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u69d3692e48ff6a5f5a387578c877cb1a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u69d3692e48ff6a5f5a387578c877cb1a:active , .u69d3692e48ff6a5f5a387578c877cb1a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u69d3692e48ff6a5f5a387578c877cb1a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u69d3692e48ff6a5f5a387578c877cb1a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u69d3692e48ff6a5f5a387578c877cb1a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u69d3692e48ff6a5f5a387578c877cb1a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u69d3692e48ff6a5f5a387578c877cb1a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u69d3692e48ff6a5f5a387578c877cb1a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u69d3692e48ff6a5f5a387578c877cb1a .u69d3692e48ff6a5f5a387578c877cb1a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u69d3692e48ff6a5f5a387578c877cb1a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Two Tragic Hereo's Are Better Than One (Medea/Jason) EssayEnglish Essays

Inspired at a Young Age free essay sample

Beep Beep Beep Beep, â€Å"Attention Department 9 and 9 4 personnel, you are responding to an unknown medical call at 20 Killingworth Turnpike. Ambulance duty crew respond to headquarters.† As a young child, when I was watching cartoons in my family room, I would frequently hear my father’s pager sound off alerting him to an emergency call in our small town. He would grab his orange trauma bag and blue light and head off to the local fire department. I would listen intently as my father and his crew raced to the scene to provide medical care that was necessary to save the patient’s life. He would finally return home after a few calls a night. I would sit straight up in my bed as I heard the garage door open from below my room wondering what kinds of emergencies he attended. â€Å"Nicole, tonight’s accident should never have happened. When you grow up, would you promise me to never get in a car with someone who has been drinking? Although the driver didnà ¢â‚¬â„¢t die, he changed the future of a little girl forever. We will write a custom essay sample on Inspired at a Young Age or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † When I got older, my father realized I wasn’t going to get nightmares about what calls he responds to. He would tell me about drug overdoses, heart attacks, and trauma from car accidents. Many were gory and bloody. Others were gross, and on many occasions, some were quite minor. Talking to my father about medical calls and hospitals fascinated me. To satisfy my curiosity about these calls, I engaged myself in the ER and medical shows at a young age. One show in particular caught my interest; it was Untold Stories of the ER. This show addressed the lives of ER doctors and what they experienced in their jobs. These stories ranged from prison inmates swallowing batteries to teenagers facing death after a baseball game. Throughout the years, I watched this show because it fascinated me, but one night a doctor recounted a little girl around the age of three falling down a hill and getting caught in a cactus. Although this incident was not that much different from the other stories on the show in later years, I kept wondering what happened the scared little girl with thousands of cactus spikes in her body. Her frightened face was engraved in my mind. All I wanted was to comfort her and help her even though I knew I could not. This one little girl made me realize how much I wanted to help people when I grew up, especially children. Throughout my life I always knew I wanted to work in the emergency room. When I had throat surgery at a young age I was frightened and confused about what was going on at the time. The nurses and medical professionals were rushing around in the operating room getting me ready for surgery, while I was trembling on the table wanting my parents to be there to comfort me. I now think of that cold unfamiliar operating room and how terrified I was, realizing that every child needs someone by their side. After I receive training, I hope to work in the hospital helping to care for the patients that my father or another EMT professio nal has brought to the hospital for treatment.

Arson and Fire Investigation free essay sample

It all starts with law enforcement for the most part. They earn associates or bachelors degree in criminal justice or any other related degree. Many arson and fire investigators started off in law enforcement and with investigation experience began to specialize In fire and arson Investigation by taking courses In these areas. Earning a criminal Justice or related degree Is often a requirement and will help you gain some of the necessary skills and knowledge youll need to be successful. Other investigators attend academies or schools that offer programs in fire science and investigation.The TAFT for example, has a special raining academy for their fire investigators and Arson investigators (How to Become an Arson Investigator). Earn an associates or bachelors degree in criminal Justice, fire science, engineering, science or chemistry. Criminal Justice and engineering will provide you with the most relevant education for a career In fire Investigation. We will write a custom essay sample on Arson and Fire Investigation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Most police and fire departments require some college education (associates degree) and more are starting to require a bachelors degree. The TAFT requires a four-year degree (bachelors). Law enforcement agencies will open the door for a career in arson and fire investigation. Many fire and arson investigators recommend volunteering in your local fire department while earning your education, attend fire and arson investigation related conferences, pursue professional educational courses or certificates In fire or arson Investigation and then Joining as many professional organizations as possible. Some examples of professional organizations would be, the IA (International Association of Arson Investigators) and the (NAIF) National Association of Fire Investigators.Certificate and/or courses that are relevant to pursuing a career in fire investigation would include topics such as fire dynamics, incendiary fire, motor vehicle fire Investigation, Insurance and fire Investigation and other related topics (How to Become an Arson Investigator). Arson Investigators are responsible for determining who started the fire, acquiring evidence that will lead to the arrest and prosec ution of the suspect. Arson investigators often testify in court as expert witnesses regarding the techniques used to gather the evidence against the accused.Arson investigators also work to determine the cause and origin of the fire in many agencies; however this overlaps with much of what a fire investigators Job ascription Is. Arson Investigators work In both the private and public sectors (How to attempt to prove malicious intent and the scientific aspect revolving around starting a fire, is complicated. When a fire is extinguished by a locality police department, the investigation process begins with police investigators and scientists or engineers hired by the underlying law enforcement agency.These arson investigators will evaluate the crime scene, collect evidence, and reconstruct the actions which precluded the fire to conclude whether the fire was started with malicious intent (Arson Laws). A fire investigator has an in-depth understanding of fire behavior and working knowledge of building construction and engineering. Fire investigators should also have an in-depth knowledge of types of fuel, the ease of ignition of each fuel and the impact of each fuel on the development of a fire.Fire investigators are required to be capable of collecting, securing, packaging and transporting physical evidence. The evidence that fire investigators collect will be used in the prosecution of an individual responsible for an intentionally set fire and will often times testify as expert witnesses at trial. A fire investigator documents fire scenes through the use of photography, so a working knowledge of still and photography is required.

Clara Bow essays

Clara Bow essays When she was 14 her father encouraged her to enter a Fame Contest in which she won the chance to appear in a motion picture. The motion picture she obtained a part in was called Beyond the Rainbow, her part however was cut out of the film until much later. Determination and director Elmer Clifton, who saw her picture in a magazine, lead her to her next picture; Down to the Sea in Ships. For her role she was mentioned favorably in several reviews. After this her father took her to Maxine Alton, a New York actress-playwright-agent, who managed to induce J.G. Bachman, the partner of B.P. Schulberg in Preferred Pictures, to give her a three-month contract at $50 a week, plus the fare to Hollywood. When introduced to Schulberg, Bow was pathecically dressed and mannered and was about to be written off when Alton urged him to test her personality. He ran her through a range of emotions and when she on command went from later to full out tears he through up his arms and told Alton, You win. Next came Clara Bows stepping stone to fame, a role in Black Oxen (Frank Lloyd Productions, for First National, 1924) in which she was given fifth billing and received good reviews. Her first Paramount film was Dancing Mothers (Famous Players-Lasky, 1926). Clara had third billing and played a flapper daughter. This as well as her past in Mantrap established Bow as the flapper. Then It! (Paramount Famous Lasky Corp., 1927) put her at the top, making her name. Because of It, Clara became one of the five top box-office attractions and was immediately put to work simultaneously in Wings (Paramount Famous Lasky Corp., 1927) , and Children of Divorce (Paramount Famous Lasky Corp., 1927)! . By the time she shot Three Weekends in 1928 (her 47th film) she was Paramount's strongest asset. Clara Bow worked hard to accomplish fourteen films in 1925, eight in 1926, and six in 1927. With the start of a new era, ...

Art Therapy and Childs Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Art Therapy and Childs Communication - Essay Example It is known that language development starts from the very beginning of the child's life. Even newly born babies hear the sounds around them. They listen to the speech when they hear it somewhere nearby, and they can even be startled at some loud noise. At the same time they already know how to make sounds which let people know if they experience pleasure or pain. By the time the child is 6 years old he speaks fluently and is able to answer simple questions about them. But it is not always so good with all children. Those who have some physical diseases or have suffered a psychological trauma experience difficulties with expressing their thoughts and wishes. That's why art therapy and the use of creativity becomes crucial in teaching these children fluent language and free exchange of thoughts and ideas. Being creative is seeing the same thing as everybody else but thinking of something different. (Ganim, 1999). The National Advisory Committee on Creative and Cultural Education (1999) describes creativity as 'imaginative activity fashioned so as to produce outcomes that are both original and of value'. (NACCE, 1999) In order to define creativity in more simple way it should be said that probably creativity is combining the things which previously could not been combined. Creativity always has two so called dimensions, that is the medium through which a child expresses his thoughts and ideas, in our particular case it is drawing, and the second dimension is the content, which is carried by the medium. Creativity can be of two different types - spontaneous and multistage. The first one comes out of a sudden, the second one needs much time for generating ideas and putting them into reality. Thus, any general definition of creativity must account for the process of recognition or discovery of novel ideas and solutions. (Prentice, 2000) Examples of personal traits of individuals, who are considered to be creative, were described by Rhyammar (1999) - openness to experience, independence, and self-confidence. But there is no one single definition of creativity with which everyone could agree. Any definition must note that creativity is a process of discovery and development of new ideas. Early psychological studies of children's drawings strived to find some connection between them and the development of children's cognition. Some workers consider that there could be found some parallels between the development of child's drawing and the evolution of art through the history. On the one hand Zierer (1976) states, that there is a clear connection between the evolution of children's cognitive abilities and the evolution of art and the historical development of art was followed by the cognitive development of children. On the other hand Neboschik (1975) does not see such connection and confirms that the changes in art are the consequence of the child's which to follow the culture by which he is surrounded. One thing remains without any change: children have a very good possibility to express their feelings and thoughts through such a simple meaning as drawing. Children therapists often use such kind of art therapy in order to help children to put

Is Public Safety Assured or Threatened Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Is Public Safety Assured or Threatened - Essay Example In such instances, prison terms are far more costly and less effective than alternative programs. Effective alternative programs, regardless of intensity, are still the less costly option. There are other sanctions and programs available, such as probation, treatment programs, work-release programs and a host of combined services that, when combined and applied appropriately, may prevent crime without the expense of prison. Criminologist James Q. Wilson believes that prison has been overused as states have Expanded their incarceration programs. â€Å"They have dipped deeper into the bucket of persons eligible for prison, dredging up offenders with shorter and shorter criminal records.† Wilson argues that the costs to society may far outweigh the benefits. Increased incarceration does little to increase public safety. The cost of America’s correction system â€Å"now exceeds $60 billion per year† (Austin & Fabelo 7). Those who have violated their probation for con victions of alcohol and drug use, unemployment and failure to pay court fees has also increased, as a result. The increased cost ultimately is passed on to taxpayers, with little return for their investments. Crimes related to drugs, property and public disorder have little to no connection with pain and suffering to victims. Yet , â€Å"over 90% of crimes committed are of this nature† (Austin & Fabelo 9). Public safety is not even an issue. Effective alternative programs, which could include job training, education, rehabilitation and other services based on ability to pay would likely save taxpayers and communities money.

Case Study analysis in Strategic Management Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Analysis in Strategic Management - Case Study Example In recent years they acquired 'Grupo Empresarial Bavaria.' Today SABMiller is present in various high growth markets like Asia, Eastern Europe, Latin America and Africa. It has also maintained presence in matured markets like USA and Western Europe. Its brand portfolio includes Castle, Miller Lite, Miller Genuine Draft, Snow, Peroni Nastro Azzurro and Pilsner Urquell. The first part of this report explains the strategic positioning SABMiller is in different markets like South Africa, Asia, Eastern & Western Europe, USA, Latin America and Africa. It discusses the core competencies and capabilities of SABMiller and also the stakeholder's expectations. The second part looks at the future implications of its strategy .In the last part various tools used for analysis of this case study have been discussed. Corporate strategy refers to the overarching strategy of the diversified firm. Such a corporate strategy answers the questions of the business the firm should operate in and how does this business helps in improving the core competencies of the firm as a whole. (David, 1989)It is the sum total of a company's goals, objectives and its plan for pursuing those purposes. (R, 2008)From these definations we can conclude that we need to analyse SABMiller's business environment , core competancies & capabilities and stakeholder expectations to identify it's strategic position. (KR, 1971) Business Environmental Analysis Using PESTEL , Porter's Five forces and SWOT In 2009 , SABMiller has been operating world wide.It has its presence in both developing and mature markets.Due to its presence in such varied markets ,its strategy in different markets has been analysed differently. South Africa South African market has been a monopoly of SABMiller. (SABMiller, 2009)Although this market is maturing with little growth potential but the customers are moving towards more premium brands thus increasing the profitability of the firm.HIV/AIDS poses a great threat in South African market.It is a huge threat in terms of avalability of work force but the greater threat is that the disposable income of the people is likely to decrease which in turn will effect SABMiller's sales and its profitability. Africa(exclusing South Africa) SABMiller has its presence in Tanzania , Zambia , Mozambique , Angola , Bostwana and Uganda.There is huge potential for growth is these areas propelled by broader distribution and clear segmentation strategy.However the political landscape in these areas is not idle.They also trade in soft currencies thus increasing the business risk as seen in Bostwana.African market is perceived by many as a lot of risk in the Portfolio of SABMiller and might lead to lose of confidence from the company's stakeholders. Asia and Eastern Europe Both these markets are highly fragmented and developing.People have found their disposable incomes to be rising which gives SABMiller a great incentive and great opportunity in these markets.The

Effects of Enhanced CO2 on Tropical Forest Growth

Effects of Enhanced CO2 on Tropical Forest Growth James P. Smith Effects of enhanced atmospheric CO2 concentrations on tropical forest growth: experimental studies and interactions with nutrients, light, water and temperature Abstract (150 words) Introduction (300 words) Approximately 90% of earth’s 652Gt terrestrial biomass carbon is locked up in forests. Tropical and subtropical forests store 340Gt carbon; or ~52%; but only make up 13% of total forested area (table 1). Achard et al (2002) estimated 1Gt/yr carbon losses, through activities such as deforestation and clearance for agriculture (Geist et al, 2002). All terrestrial plants have become exposed to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations, as part of global change. This has changed from 180ppm 18ka (Petit et al, 1999) to 390ppm today, by degassing from oceans and fossil C burning (Crowley et al, 2001). Increased CO2 could stimulate photosynthesis, raising plant productivity. This can have a role in storing more carbon and mitigate the atmospheric rise in CO2 concentrations (Beedlow et al, 2004). Table 1: Areal extent, carbon storage and net primary productivity of earth’s major biomes (from Roy et al, 2001). Figure 1 demonstrates CO2 enters plants at the source (leaf); where it becomes photoassimilated to produce carbon sugars; which are transported around the plant to carbon sinks; for different processes such as structural growth, metabolism and export. Sugars can also be stored as reserves in the form of NSCs (non-structural carbohydrates). CO2 is lost through respiration, herbivory and litter production and decomposition (Korner, 2003a). Figure 1: CO2 pools and fluxes in plants, as well as source-sink interactions (modified from Korner, 2003a). The aim of the review is to evaluate research on the effects of enhanced CO2 on tropical forest growth. This will be achieved by looking at experimental studies, as well as the effects of enhanced CO2 on the limiting factors of nutrients, light, water supply and temperature. I will be reviewing literature from 1999-2013. Experimental studies There have been few experimental studies of the effects of enhanced CO2 on plant growth in tropical forests in relatively natural conditions (ambient climate, natural soil and inter and intra-species competition). Two studies using a canopy crane in a tropical dry forest in Panama was used to assess the effects of enhanced CO2 on canopy tree leaves. Over a 40 week period Lovelock et al (1999) measured responses of leaf and branchlets of a single tree species. Photosynthesis rates increased 30% with enhanced CO2. However, no increases in biomass occurred (reproductive organs and foliage). Branchlet TNC (total non-structural carbohydrates) increased 20%, inferring localized carbon saturation. Wurth et al (1998a) found stronger TNC increases (41-61%), upon exposing canopy leaves of four tree species to enhanced CO2, in situ. Wurth et al (1998b) planted seedlings of five local species (tree, shrubs and grass) in the understorey of a closed Panamanian forest. These were grown over a 15 mo nth period, in which 50% were in ambient CO2 and 50% in elevated. All species showed significant seedling growth under elevated CO2, but decreased as understorey light levels increased, and inter-species variation was apparent. Again TNC levels increased under enhanced CO2. One experiment has studied communities of tropical trees, which have been outplanted in natural soil and subjected to elevated CO2. Lovelock et al (1998) grew groups of ten tree species at ambient and elevated CO2 in open-top chambers at the forest margin in Panama. Over six months, there was no enhancement in biomass accumulation. There were also reductions in leaf area index, increased photosynthesis rates and increased nitrogen: carbon ratios. Response was species-specific, but late-successional species were less sensitive than pioneer and midsuccessional species. Table 2: Comparison of mean TNC concentrations (% dry weight) across four studies under ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations. From table 2, it is clear that all four studies mentioned showed increased mean TNC concentrations when exposed to elevated CO2. Despite the increases, this does not necessarily mean TNCs from carbon sources are being transported to carbon sinks, into plant biomass for growth. They include carbohydrates, sugar alcohols, organic acids and lipids, and represents carbon reserves or stores, for future use on demand (Korner, 2003a). So, photosynthesis rates may increase under elevated CO2, producing more TNCs, but may not be used in plant growth, unless needed. Figure 2: Variation in mean concentration of TNC with height in two wet and dry seasons (from Wurth et al, 1998a). Wurth et al (1998a) also compared TNC concentrations, exposed to elevated CO2, with height from canopy height to roots, between wet and dry seasons (figure 2). They found TNC to increase in all plant compartments during the dry season. The TNC again not incorporated into structural growth, because growth was directly limited by dry conditions, and not photosynthesis. More TNC was being stored in reserves. In the wet season, TNC pools reduced, coinciding with resumed tree growth and new leaf production. They inferred TNC concentrations were controlled by moisture availability, in agreement with another study in the area (Newell et al, 2002). On the other hand, Korner and Wurth (1996) found TNC to increase significantly in both dry and wet seasons. This infers plants have a store of carbon, and can mobilize it when needed for growth. To further the understanding of increasing CO2 on tropical forest growth, more and longer-term experiments are needed. Arnone (1996) and Korner (1998) criticize these experiments, as they cannot be scaled up to actual forest size; use only small plants; have a higher than normal nutrient supply; absence of competition; and key processes; such as herbivory and effects of pathogens. CO2-nutrient interactions Nitrogen is commonly seen as the main limiting nutrient of tree CO2 responses (Finzi et al, 2006). However, although this is theoretically an unlimited resource (atmospheric), provided N fixation balances N losses through processes such as N20 losses or leaching (Korner, 2009). Litter mineralization is the predominate source of N in forests. All other nutrients are in limited supply in a given area, with older, more weathered (humid tropics) soils making these nutrients much more limiting to plant growth (Bergametti et al, 1998). Enhanced CO2 can accelerate the rate of symbiotic N fixation, as demonstrated by Tissue et al (1997). Seeds of fast-growing woody legumes from a seasonal tropical forest in Costa Rica were inoculated with N2 fixing Rhizobium bacteria and grown in greenhouses for ~70 days, exposed to ambient (35Pa) and elevated (70Pa) CO2 levels. Seedlings were watered adequately with N-free water solution. Under elevated CO2, photosynthesis rates increased by 49%, compared to those exposed to ambient CO2. As a result growth in elevated CO2 increased 36%. Figure 3 illustrates this, with total plant biomass growing 84% under elevated CO2. Greater rates of photosynthesis mean greater quantities of carbon are transported to the nodules. More carbon supplied to nodules means specific nitrogenase activity (SNA); that is N-fixing enzyme activity; is increased; more energy is available to power the fixation process. Thus a greater proportion of nitrogen is fixed by the legumes and incorporated into the plant for biomass accumulation and growth. Figure 4 shows this clearly, with increases in N content across all parts of the plant. Figures 3 4: Dry weight biomass (gDW) of whole plant, as well as different areas of the plant (left). N content (mg) of whole plant, and different sections of plant (right). (From Tissue et al, 1997). Although there is a high abundance of nitrogen, and fixing increases under CO2 levels, Pons et al (2007) inferred N-fixation is also strongly limited by phosphorus availability, and is absorbed by trees much more efficiently than N (Medina and Cuevas, 1994; Herbert and Fownes, 1995). Pons et al (2007) measured N and P concentration changes in leaves of leguminous plants, in different soil types, in a tropical forest in Guyana. From table 3, general increases in N and P led to positive accumulations of N in leaves. They inferred increases in phosphorus were the main cause for increasing N-fixation, with increasing N concentrations having negligible effect. Contrary to Tissue et al (1997)’s findings, Houlton et al (2008) found N fixation to be less prominent in tropical forests. Pons et al (2007) approximated 6% of total N uptake by trees in Guyana was by N-fixation, and only ~50% legumes used the symbiotic pathway. Nardoto et al (2008) found near negligible N-fixation levels in legumes in Amazonia. Thus, nitrogen is unlikely to majorly constrain C-fixation in tropical forests, but phosphorus is more likely to (Martinelli et al, 1999). Table 3: Phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations in five different soil types, and their affect on N-fixation rates by N contents in leaves (Modified from Pons et al, 2007). Studies in tropical forests in Panama provided clear evidence that trees grown in close proximity to their natural habitat, under elevated CO2, within original soils and under local climatic conditions, exhibited accelerated growth rates when soils were enriched with mineral nutrients (Winter and Lovelock, 1999; Winter et al, 2001; table 4). In the absence of fertilizer there was no significant change in growth rate under elevated CO2 (Lovelock et al, 1998; Winter et al, 2000). No major changes in growth rates were found again were found by Korner and Arnone (1992) and Arnone and Korner (1995). Table 4: The effect of fertilizer/absence of fertilizer application on biomass accumulation for tropical plants under elevated CO2. Clearly the effects of elevated CO2 on have caused mixed responses from different studies. In some studies, greater photosynthesis rates led to increased carbon supply to allow accelerated N-fixation for biomass growth. Other studies highlighted the greater importance of phosphorus in regulating N-fixation and biomass accumulation. Plants grown in the absence of nutrients consistently showed minimal to no change in growth rates, opposed to increasing biomass with those that were enriched with mineral nutrients. CO2-light interactions It is known that shaded plant growth rates are limited by light and CO2. Illuminating plants will lead to accelerated growth, by forest canopy thinning or removal. As enhanced CO2 increases light use efficiency and decreases the light compensation point within the leaf, stimulation by enhanced CO2 in shaded areas can be seen to be similar to canopy thinning or illumination (Long and Drake, 1991). The effect of elevated CO2 on tropical plants grown in deep shade can be significant and can possibly exceed effects grown under horticultural conditions under full light (Korner, 2009). Wurth (1998a) exposed seedlings on the forest floor to ~700ppm CO2 under extremely low light levels (~11ÃŽ ¼mol photons m-2s-1). Tree seedlings grew 25-44% and shrub seedlings grew 59-76%. Lovelock et al (1996) observed similar results of mycorrhizal growth of tree seedlings, although P supply may have had an influence. Thus elevated CO2 promotes expansion into shaded areas. As expressed, as most tree seedlings wait to exploit an opening in the canopy, lianas employ a different strategy. Lianas are situated in deep shade and aim to occupy maximal space, but with minimal structural investment (Korner, 2009). Elevated CO2 increases the probability of lianas reaching the upper canopy. Granados and Korner (2002) studied biomass and growth rates for three liana species; simulated in a tropical understorey environment with seed and soil from Yucatan; under high and low light levels; and under ambient and elevated CO2 levels. From figures 5-7 it is apparent that liana biomass increases at higher light levels for all three species. However, liana growth rate is much larger at lower light levels (up to +249%), opposed to higher light levels (up to +52%). These higher growth rates are at moderately elevated CO2 levels of ~420ppm. At ~700ppm, growth rates reduced or even reversed. Thus, individuals within the understorey with low light levels (under moderately elevated CO2 levels) have the potential to grow upwards towards the canopy at a faster rate than those in higher light levels. Figure 8: Comparison of biomass change and growth rates; under ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations; between temperate and tropical liana species (from Korner, 2009) This consistent trend in increased growth rates under low light levels has also been confirmed for temperate liana species (figure 8). Hattenschweiler and Korner (2003) found growth rates between 64-80% under low light opposed to 23-40% under high light. These results could support reasoning for the enhanced vigour and reproduction of lianas observed in recent decades in Panama (Wright et al, 2004) and Amazonia (Phillips et al, 2002). Elevated CO2 may cause lianas to behave more aggressively, thereby inducing faster forest turnover, and reducing tree carbon storage in the long-run (Korner, 2004). Other factors have also been attributed to explain current liana growth, such as reduced rainfall (Swaine and Grace, 2007). Epiphytes are another important organism that influence tropical forest tree dynamics, and grow in tree crowns. Epiphytes derive from succulents, and may utilize CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism) photosynthetic pathways, although some can use C3 pathways also (Korner, 2009). Contrary to lianas, evidence suggests epiphytes don’t benefit from elevated CO2 (Monterio et al, 2009). They tested the effect of doubling CO2 concentration; as well as increasing light and nutrient levels; on growth of six epiphyte species from the Neotropics. Figure 9: Relative growth rate (mgg-1d-1) of six epiphyte species under increasing CO2, light and nutrient levels for six different species. C3 pathways (V=Vriesea; C=Catopsis; O=Oncidium). CAM pathways (T=Tillandsia; B=Bulbophyllum; A=Aechmea). From Monteiro et al (2009). From figure 9; across the six species; elevated CO2 increased relative growth rates by only 6%. Although C3 species grew 60% faster than CAM, the two groups showed no significant difference in their CO2 responses. High light increased average growth rates by 21%; high nutrients by 10%. The findings contrast with those noted by Granados and Korner (2002) and Wurth et al (1998a), who found significant positive responses of lianas to elevated CO2 and deep shade, opposed to high light intensities. Thus, epiphytes will pose a lower risk to forest turnover and carbon stock losses. CO2-water interactions CO2-water interactions have two sides: the CO2-driven stomatal response; and the interactions with weather; such as drought. Under elevated CO2 conditions, plants will always absorb more CO2 per unit of water lost; regardless of stomata respond. However, experimental evidence confirms stomata may not be as sensitive to CO2 as previously thought (Korner and Wurth, 1996; Lovelock et al, 1999). The increase in atmospheric CO2 over the last century has highlighted the dynamic relationships between CO2 gain and water loss. The evidence for this is within tree rings, in the form of stable carbon isotope signals. Hietz et al (2005) observed these changes in Amazonian trees, where a change in ∂3C over the past two centuries infers increased intrinsic water use efficiency. Traditionally, when water acts as a limiting factor, scientists have drawn upon an array of responses; such as stomatal closure; reduced photosynthesis and growth. However, it has been understood for decades that photosynthesis is less sensitive to reduced water potential than biomass growth. Most of the evidence is derived from non-woody plants (Korner, 2003a). Less water uptake reduces turgidity, which reduces tissue formation, eventually limiting CO2 uptake. Wurth et al (2005) completed an extensive inventory for 17 tropical tree species in both the dry and wet seasons in Panama. They found NSC pools to be largest when growth was lowest and smallest when growth reaches a maximum. This is counterintuitive to what is normally expected! It had been suggested that high NSC levels found in trees under growth limitations by environmental factors, such as drought, does not reflect source saturation by C, but a precaution strategy by which NSCs are stored in a reserve (Lewis et al, 2004a).

An Analysis of Foot Soldiers of the Revolutionary Army

Pyeong G. Lim Dr. Christian History 1305 March 21, 2013 Summary of â€Å"Foot Soldiers of the Revolutionary Army† In the essay â€Å"Foot Soldiers of the Revolutionary Army† by Gary B. Nash, the authors of the book tell of a Private Joseph Plumb Martin that kept a diary that details the life and hardships that the soldiers endured. Martin writes, â€Å"The army was now not only starved but naked. The greatest part were not only shirtless and barefoot but destitute of all other clothing, especially blankets. (Gary Nash 124) The blacks were involved given the chance to receive freedom, which did not follow through completely. Although the colonies needed men for the army, these two simple sentences exposed the truth that people didn’t know at the time and even now. The leadership of the army knew this would be the case, which is the main reason that the terms of enlistment were so short during the war unlike the minimal 8 years contract in the army now.Although th e life in the army improved the soldiers had to endure such environment as, â€Å"shivering with cold upon bare floors without a blanket to cover them, calling for fire, for water, for suitable food, and for medicines- calling in vain. † Having to withstand all these misfortune, the soldiers were anything but humble in their conception of rights. The soldiers warned the generals of desertion if they were not properly taken care of, so the â€Å"severest Punishment† was placed to counter threat the soldiers.However, this did not last as â€Å"even in Washington’s handpicked Life Guard, eight soldiers deserted during the war. † As the war dragged out, eventually, Washington reopened the Continental army to free blacks with congressional approval. Slaves were still forbidden, yet five hundred free black men served in the war. It started with Massachusetts than to Rhode Island. Even with the blacks joining, Mother Nature did not see lightly of them, â€Å"By early 1778, the regiments were close to disintegration, their pay in arrears, uniforms tattered, and ranks thinned by disease. In February, all blacks were able to join the army with the consent of their owners in exchange for freedom. The white men found this proposal too good to turn down since the slaves would relieve them of army duty. The war continued with victory earned by the â€Å"Black Regiement who stromed through the moat and heavily fortified redoubts. † White men and blacks had hardship through out the war, but above all, despite all the blacks who were involved in the war, â€Å"only one third of the former slaves survived to taste freedom as civilians. †

When The World Stands Out, Aspire To Be Outstanding

We are all different. We view things from different perspectives. What one person acknowledges as the truth may not be accepted by others. There exists a plethora of interpretations, which are rooted on the fact that people come from varying backgrounds – politically, socially and culturally. These differences allows people to be unique in there own ways. The world is divided, geologically speaking. As such, people grew up in societies that have dissimilar and often conflicting views on a number of things. I was born in Bangkok. The place that I first called my home is a bustling city.Being the capital of Thailand, most efforts in relation to economic development are concentrated there. It dominates the country’s economy. Unfortunately, the continued development of Bangkok results to the neglect of other urban centers. This makes the disparity in wealth distribution more intense. Despite the developed faà §ade of the city, the truth that there is inequality still linge rs. Growing up in a country like Thailand, where people from neighboring countries come to work, I have learned to accept the fact that the things I believe in is not always the same as the things that the people around me agree to.Confrontation is not always the best solution. If I keep on asserting my own views upon others, I know that we won’t come to an agreement. It is best to base my judgment on respect and not animosity. It is in this line of thinking that I gained the courage to speak out, even though, I know that others won’t agree with me. Deep inside I am hoping that they would respect my opinion regardless of my political, social and cultural viewpoints since I do the same to them. The other reason why I choose to go against the grain, sometimes, is due to the fact that I would like to create a better future for myself, my family and my community.I have seen both the glittering and rusty covered side of life when I was in Bangkok. I know that I can do bette r if I work hard and believe in own capabilities. I also know that I can a difference in the world in the same way that the world affects me. When the odds are against me, I try to remember that I am more fortunate than others because I am able to exercise some of my rights especially my right to education. I am thankful for what I have now that is why I work hard to show how much I appreciate them. Once again, I can say that I draw my strength from my family and community.

Appositive Adjective Definition and Examples

Appositive Adjective Definition and Examples An Appositive Adjective is a traditional grammatical term for an adjective (or a series of adjectives) that follows a noun and, like a nonrestrictive appositive, is set off by commas or dashes. Appositive adjectives often appear in pairs or groups of three (tricolons). Examples and Observations Arthur was a big boy, tall, strong, and broad-shouldered.(Janet B. Pascal, Arthur Conan Doyle: Beyond Baker Street. Oxford University Press, 2000)No Chinese emperor was more resplendently arrayed. As for the cigarette that he holds out, half smoked, to be taken and deposited by his valet, a whole civilization- urbane, authoritative, preposterous, and doomed- resides in that single gesture.(Anthony Lane, Life and Death Matters. The New Yorker, February 8, 2010)Much of the greatest poetry, ancient and modern, has been occupied with a similar image: the figure of the abandoned woman.(Lawrence Lipking, Abandoned Women and Poetic Tradition. The University of Chicago Press, 1988)Since then the starless night is gone,The warm south-western showers have passed;The trees, forlorn and bare, sigh on,And shiver in the northern blast.(Caroline May, Dead Leaves, 1865)Though Sfars fantastic visual excesses distort some facts, they perfectly reflect the spirit of Gainsbourgs life and reputation- exc essive, brilliant, controversial, and tortured.(Michael Rabiger and Mick Hurbis-Cherrier, Directing: Film Techniques and Aesthetics, 5th ed. Focal Press, 2013) Melrose in his skullcap, sitting sideways in his chair, his cigarette held aloft, presented a profile which might have been that of some Venetian Doge, old, withered and crafty.(Mary Augusta Ward, The Mating of Lydia, 1913) Characteristics of Appositive Adjectives Appositive adjectives, which hardly ever spring naturally to our lips, differ from regular adjectives both in placement and in punctuation. They are placed after the noun or before the determiner, and they are set off by commas. When there is no determiner, they are still set off by commas. Their functions are somewhat different, too, although the difference is hard to pin down. It should be fairly easy to feel, however, if you read these three sentences aloud, one after the other. Adjectives in normal position:The sturdy old cabin survived the hurricane.Appositive adjectives following the noun:The cabin, old but sturdy, survived the hurricane.Appositive adjectives before the determiner:Old but sturdy, the cabin survived the hurricane. In the second and third sentences, the placement and punctuation of old but sturdy lead you to place a stress on both appositive adjectives that they do not get in the first sentence... [T]he placement and punctuation of the adjectives focus special attention on the contrast. This is partly because the information is not there primarily to identify the noun. If the adjectives for cabin were old and red- The old red cabin survived the hurricane- we would not think of putting old and red in the appositive position. They describe, they modify, but they do not suggest the same idea as old but sturdy. Appositive adjectives typically suggest a relation between information found in a sentence and information carried by the adjectives themselves.Appositive adjectives hardly ever appear singly... When they do, they are almost always modified by a prepositional phrase.(Michael Kischner and Edith Wolin, Writers Choices: Grammar to Improve Style. Harcourt, 2002) A Loose Construction The Appositive Adjective. When an adjective is loosely joined, almost as an afterthought, to a substantive which has a separate existence in the mind, the construction is called appositive. It is the loosest of all constructions, as is shown by the fact that it is usually set off by commas. It resembles the noun in apposition as far as any adjective resembles a noun; i.e., it assumes a single attribute, while a noun assumes a group of attributes large enough to imply a partial identity. Example: All sizes, large and small, are sold here. (Irene M. Mead, The English Language and Its Grammar. Silver, Burdett and Company, 1896)

The Naivete of Candide essays

The Naivete of Candide essays The Naivet of Candide as Exemplified by His Experiences in El Dorado Innocent, inexperienced, ingenuous. Candide is the personification of naivet. Amidst his travels and adventures Candide represents the folly of optimism. Upon his arrival in the clandestine utopian country, Candide is in awe of El Dorado. A place that not only is aesthetically beautiful, but also provides its citizens with endless foods, jewels and pleasures. Pleasures that are otherwise the cause of unending terror and disaccord as experienced by Candide and his cohorts throughout the rest of Europe. As displayed by his reaction to El Dorado and its people, Candide floundered with the philosophy of Pangloss that this world is the best of all possible worlds. Voltaire created El Dorado as a contrast to a number of fallacies within European scoiety at the time. Fallacies including the imperfections of European governments, the hypocrisies of religion, and the inability for Candide to be content with the utopia that was El Dorado. After Candide and Cacambo arrived in El Dorado, they instantly were shocked by the citizens apparent aloof attitude towards jewels and gold. They stood agape as a group of children and their headmaster casually left the seemingly prized riches on the ground. Candide made the assumption that the children playing with these riches must be children of the king. However, as he quickly learned, the people of El Dorado had no attachments to material items nor were they ruled by a king of extreme wealth and power. Throughout the rest of Europe, many countries were ruled by monarchies or other government systems that maintained a state of superiority, wealth and power. Candide was accustomed to living within a class system where ones status dictated the potentials of their lifestyle. Voltaires El Dorado was the antithesis of these practices. When Candide and Cacambo were receive...

DQ9 MGT 216 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

DQ9 MGT 216 - Essay Example Some of the factors that shaped these values and perspectives are religious beliefs, knowledge of ethical and moral codes of standards, and outcome of previous experiences that confirm that observance to ethical and moral codes are beneficial in guiding me to make the most appropriate and effective decisions in life. The course has added value to one’s personal ethics and moral perspectives in terms of providing additional knowledge on ethical theories that are applicable in the business setting. The course provided the needed reinforcement to confirm correct decisions given ethical dilemmas in the business environment. As such, proper guidelines are imbibed and became a part of one’s set of knowledge, beliefs and values which would be most useful in good business practices in the near future. Initial recognition of the basis policies, procedures and code of conduct and behavior is always the starting point that one recognizes in various situations and settings (whether it be in the community, country, academic or organizational setting). As such, these rules become the basis for one’s actions and behavior in the setting where one actively participates. As such, the code of ethics and observance to conformity of moral rules guide one’s actions in communicating with others, in resolving conflicts (if any), and in deciding the most appropriate course of action, given ethical dilemmas that one encounters in life. These policies and guidelines also become one’s benchmark and gauge of performance to evaluate one’s ability to achieve defined goals, as expected. Therefore, one could be appropriately rewarded for exemplary performance or sanctioned to correct one’s misbehavior, as

Utilising theory, concepts and tools explored in the module, Essay

Utilising theory, concepts and tools explored in the module, critically evaluate the strategic marketing of a product, service or business offering of your choice - Essay Example nder the segment of beverages is enhancing its brand image and portfolio to a significant extent thereby amplifying their portfolio and reputation in the entire globe. One of such reputed organizations operating successful in the segment of beverage is Coca-Cola. Coca-Cola is one of the reputed organizations, operating in the segment of carbonated soft drinks, since 1886. It is introduced in the region of Atlanta of Georgia, but expanded its wings in the entire globe very quickly and rapidly (Coca-Cola, 2014). It became possible mainly due to the presence of numerous product lines such as Caffeine-free coca-cola, Parsi Cola, Virgin Cola, Coca-Cola-Vanila, Coca-Cola Cherry etc (Coca-Cola, 2014). Due to which, it attained the reward of best global brand in the year 2011. Other than this, within a very small time frame, it enhanced its profit margin by 15.31 percent in 31st March, 2014 (Ycharts, 2014). Along with this, the market share and brand image of the organization of Coca-Cola enhanced with a significant extent that amplified its position and sustainability as well (Coca-Cola, 2014). The rationale of this essay is to analyse critically the strategic marketing policies used by the organization of Coca-Cola in order to promote its product, diet coke in the entire globe among other competing firms. Moreover, the essay also comprises of varied types of marketing concepts, theories and tools in order to evaluate the effective strategies used. Strategic marketing is the procedure to cope up with the policies and strategies of the existing competitors so as to amplify the brand value of an organization. Similarly, the process of strategic marketing is performed for the organization of Coca-Cola, in order to analyse the demands and requirements of its target market so as to fulfil it. Only then, the organization of Coca-Cola might become successful in amplifying its image and reputation in this aggressive market among many other rival contenders (Beall, 2010, pp.

Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Technology - Essay Example Before any kind of technology is released for use by humans, it is usually tested so as to make sure it has met the required criteria (Fazlollahi 203). 2. What Does Technology Entail? The word technology has been coined from the Greek word technikoes, which generally refers to an art which is related to skill. In other words, the term technology can be seen as applying art on science (Singh 1). This art is applied to create tools, develop skills and even collect materials that improve the quality of life of the human beings. Technology has really developed in many aspects over the years. For example, indigenous people used different ways of writing in order to store the information they collected using methods like writing on stones. With technology, writing has been made easy as papers and pens have been provided, and have made the work easy. In his work, ‘Writing is a Technology that Restructures Thought’, Ong says that â€Å"although we take writing so much for grant ed as to forget that it is a technology, writing is in a way the most drastic of the three technologies of the word† (30). It initiated printing and electronics came about. Human beings have really embraced technology from in all aspects of life; when it comes to religion, education, social, and even in the political issues, technology is in use. There are different tools of technology that have improved the lives of human beings. This essay will embark on giving an analytical perspective about the computers and the human beings. Computers have changed the way human beings by making learning easy. 3. Computers Computers, which are tools of technology, have brought changes to the lives of humans, and especially in the way they operate and think. For example, the thinking capacity of the people before technology, such as those that lived during stone-age is different from the thinking capacity of people today. In her review, ‘How Computers Change the Way We Think’, Turkle says that â€Å"the tools we use to think change the ways in which we think. The invention of written language brought about radical shift in how we process, organize, store, and transmit representations of the world† (1). A computer is an electronic device which is used in processing data. The data it processes gets in in form of input and it is then processed on the basis of a set of instructions that are supplied and stored in the memory, in order give the required results in form of output. Every computer comprises of two basic parts namely; the hardware and the software. Hard ware refers to the visible or physical parts of a computer, such as the processor, display or screen, keyboard, disk drive, and mouse among others. The software refers to the particular instructions that give directions to the components, so as to perform the required operations (Ravichandran 2). The two parts function hand in hand and thus the computer is not complete if one part is missing, or in other words, it is useless without the two parts. When I was in primary school, I only had a slight idea of what a computer is, and did not know that with it, learning could be easier. In primary school and part of my high school education, learning was not very easy as everything was done manually; that is, the teacher had to write all notes on the blackboard for the students to copy. The school on the other hand, provided very few books that were supposed to be shared among students, such that the ratio was one book

Attachment Styles and Relationships Essay Example for Free

Attachment Styles and Relationships Essay As human being there is the thought that love is difficult to understand. Why are some people attracted to the people that they are attracted to and what is it that draws them to each other? Understanding the dimensions of love and knowing attachment styles clear up some of the confusion. There are three dimensions of love: intimacy, passion, and commitment. These are known as the triangular theory of love (Sternberg, 1986, 1987). Intimacy refers to mutual understanding, warm affection, and mutual concern for the others welfare (Baumgardner, 2009). Intimacy is imperative to a relationship if it is going to last. With intimacy there is a bond or a closeness between a couple. If a couple has intimacy, they are connected on more of an emotional level than a couple who only experiences passion. Intimate couples have more of a chance to move on to commitment as well. While intimacy is a big step toward commitment, having intimacy does not necessarily mean that there will be commitment on anyone’s part. There may be nothing more to the relationship other than the passion and intimacy which is romantic love. As long as neither person plans to be with this person for a long time there is not a commitment. Passion means strong emotion, excitement, and physical arousal, often tied to sexual desire and attraction (Baumgardner, 2009). Passion can be lustful infatuation but is also an important element to a happy and strong relationship. A relationship without any of these components could be in danger of dissolving, however, in our society today, sex and passion is very important. The importance placed on sex by society is taught to children early in life, most before they know what it is. A couple without passion could lose the bond they have created through intimacy without any passion and risk them falling out of love. Commitment is the conscious decision to stay in a relationship for the long haul (Baumgardner, 2009). Being committed does not necessarily mean that there is intimacy and passion involved. Many couples decide to stay together for different reasons even though there is no love involved. Some couples stay together for the benefit of the children if there are any, others may be bused or have low self-esteem, or it may be ma simple matter of convenience. Consummate love combines high levels of all three dimensions to create a complete love. This is a love where some of the components may fade but are never completely gone. Intimacy, passion, and commitment may be stronger in some couples than others but they are happy and in tune with each other. These couples prefer the company of each other over going out with a group or crowd. They always touch or have some type of contact with each other and prefer to be close to each other most of the time. The attachment theory raises the intriguing possibility that some of our most basic, and perhaps unconscious, emotional responses to intimacy are shaped by the relationships we have with our parents (Baumgardner, 2009). Infant attachment styles look at the relationship between children and their caregivers. There is an assessment of attachment styles known as the strange situation test. This experiment involved an infant, the child’s mother, and a stranger in a room equipped with toys. The test involved seeing how the child would react when the mother left the room, then again when the stranger left and came back in a specific order. Most infants showed a secure attachment style. This style shows that the child is secure and confident while the mother is in the room, and as the mother leaves, shows some distress and plays with less of the toys. After the mother returns, so does the child’s confidence. Some of the children exhibited no signs of distress when their mothers left the room and even avoided the mother. This is avoidance attachment style. The anxious-ambivalent attachment style is the style used to describe the minority of children who both seek and avoid the mother’s attention. They played very little and showed great distress when the mother left the room. The parenting style of the mothers to these children were avoidant and almost neglectful, showing mixed feelings toward the child. There are four adult attachment styles also. Secure attachment, preoccupied attachment, fearful avoidant attachment, and dismissing avoidant attachment. Secure attachment style describes people who are confident in their relationship, with no anxiety or avoidance. A relationship of a couple with secure attachment style experiences positive emotions and sensitivity toward each other’s needs. The preoccupied attachment style represents people who want intimacy but have high levels of anxiety and low self-esteem. Their actions are centered more on themselves that those of the people they claim to love even though they may seem loving and caring. The fearful attachment style describes people who are high in avoidance and anxiety because of their low self-esteem and fear of being rejected. These people display a lack of love for themselves and therefore, feel they cannot be loved. These people show little to no trust toward people and may come off as hostile or distant. Dismissing avoidant attachment describes people who are high in avoidance and low anxiety. This type of people are usually self-reliant, independent, and confident. Basically their view is that they do not need other people because they, themselves, are all they need. Relationships with these people are usually without commitment and less intimacy than those of secure or preoccupied attachment styles (Baumgardner, 2009). People’s attachment styles define what their relationship will be like. For example, a person who exhibits the fearful avoidant attachment may be alone most of his or her life because they are too afraid of rejection to ask for or accept a date. People with secure attachment have healthy relationships and seem more satisfied with their lives. If a person is unhappy with themselves the idea that no one else could love them could destroy a relationship. To make sure both parties are equally happy, compromises and considerations need to be thought of. Getting to know all of the things a person likes and dislikes is the most exciting part of a new relationship. If done well, it will result in a well-rounded couple.

Citizen Kane By Orson Wells Essay examples -- essays research papers

Citizen Kane By many, Citizen Kane is one of the greatest films ever made. Orson Wells, at age 25, directed, produced, and starred in this film. Citizen Kane is a memorable film for countless reasons. The film brought about controversy because it fictionalized the life of William Randolph Hearst, a powerful newspaper publisher. The film draws remarkable parallels with his life and his relationship with his mistress. There is also speculation that the film is loosely based on Wells’ life as well. This movie tells the fascinating story of the life and death of Charles Foster Kane, a narcissistic newspaper runner, politician, and a wealthy millionaire. What makes this movie spectacular is not only the acting of the actors, but the symbolism and cinematic effects. The techniques used by the cinematographer brought this film to life. This is what sets Citizen Kane apart from other films.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Symbolism has an enormous role in this film. â€Å"Rosebud† is the last word uttered by Cane. He then dies and takes his secret to the death. The film follows one reporter on his search to the truth. Throughout the film, the tragical existence of powerful newspaper tycoon Charles Foster Kane, becomes apparent. He spends most of his life in solitude. Although he was married twice, he always stayed alone. This was because of his incapacity of felling love, which was caused by his insecure childhood. Kane was unwillingly taken away from his mother as a young child; this s...

The Hukou System in China

No other creatures in the animal world form anything like cities. The closest resemblance would be a bee hive or an anthill, however in contrast to human agglomerations; they are closed to non-natives and not based on voluntary exchange (Bartlett, 1998, cited in O'Sullivan, 2009). The hukou (household registration) system, implemented in China in the late 1950's and still being enforced today, assigns a hukou location to every Chinese citizen that curtails self-initiated moves and limits migration from rural to urban areas (Fan 2005). These restrictions create agglomerations much ike those described by the hives and the hills of nature, and it is questioned whether such restrictions are preventing Chinese cities from obtaining a socially optimizing equilibrium. This essay looks to discuss the determinants of city size, the effects of the hukou system on these determinants and hence evaluate whether Chinese cities are induced to The size of a city can be distinguished between its size in terms of land mass and its size in terms of population. For this issue we shall mainly focus on population. Ravenstein's (1889, cited from Fan, 2005) laws f migration introduced the notion that people move in order to better themselves economically. In this view, migration is considered as the individual's response to regional differentials in economic development. Similarly, neoclassical theory views migration as an outcome of geographic differences in labor demand and supply (Sjaastad 1962, cited from Fan, Firms and hence labor force are attracted to cities as they provide agglomeration economies and economies of scale, efficiently concentrating infrastructure and other common resources via labor-pooling, knowledge pill-overs and economic competition, thus raising productivity, and hence wages (O'Sullivan, 2009). Ultimately it is a migrant's utility that influences their decision to migrate from place to place. O'Sullivan (2009) relates the utility of a worker with the total workforce within a city, From this example it can be shown that cities may be too large, but not too small. The utility curve reaches its maximum with 2 million workers in a city so a region with 6 million workers will maximize utility with 3 cities, where utility has adjusted until workers are indifferent between the two cities. If cities are too small, so for example if there are 6 small cities each with 1m workers, there is an unstable equilibrium because the utility curve is positively sloped at this point. If a worker moves from one small city to another they create a utility gap as the population in one has decreased – and hence utility – while the other increased. This gap encourages even more movement, and as self-reinforcing effects generate extreme outcomes, the extreme outcome is that everyone will move from one city to another, making the city ‘disappear'. However when you have two large cities, with m workers each, when a worker moves and a utility gap is created, utility is actually higher in the smaller city (perhaps due to congestion and overcrowding in the now larger city) making migration self-correcting rather than self-reinforcing. Migrants will then either move back to the smaller city, or existing inhabitants of the larger city will move to the smaller one until a stable equilibrium of 3 million workers. The hukou system's restrictions will limit worker's ability to migrate between cities and it is almost certain that an optimum equilibrium state will not being reached. Workers will be contained within the region they currently reside and while it may be possible for equilibrium to be reached within the region, it limits the probability of it being optimal dramatically. This reflects Andes'(1995) view that political forces, more so than economic ones, drive urban centralization, hence cities are induced While migration may be a major factor in the determination of city size, â€Å"cities are engines of economic growth† (Lucas, 2001, cited from O'Sullivan, 2009), regardless of migration restrictions. Krugman (1991) says that economic growth is induced through agglomeration economies, with lements of labor-pooling, knowledge spill-overs and technological innovation. With these elements, growth can be induced by increasing the productivity and income of human capital (O'Sullivan, 2009), learning and innovating production and management techniques from one another (Porter, 1990 cited from Glaeser, 1992) and hence as a result of a combination of the previous two, results in technological innovation, further increasing productivity and efficiency (Krugman, 1991). As a result of internal economic growth, O'Sullivan (2009) depicts this graphically again with respect to worker's utility and population, Figure 2. Growth induced by innovation shifts the utility curve outwards. People will then want to move to the innovative city and close the utility gap until a new equilibrium b and s. This however brings about an important point. The new equilibrium can only come about if labor migration exists. With the hukou system, migration is restricted which will result in innovative cities always having a higher utility than those who don't and hence because of such a disequilibrium, the majority of Chinese cities in effect are induced into being ‘too small'. The equilibrium j cannot be reached as nnovation cannot â€Å"become contagious† across cities, in which both cities will innovate at the same time. Jacobs (1969, cited from Glaeser, 1992) further supports the notion that internal economic growth alone is not sufficient as most important knowledge spill-overs come from outside the industry, and as a result of labor migration restrictions, such knowledge is limited to flourish growth. Scherer (1982, cited from Glaeser, 1992) presents evidence strengthening Jacob's view, indicating that around 70% of innovations in a given industry are used outside the industry. To summarize, labor mobility underpins the validity of O'Sullivan's theories on utility and population size within a city and the ideas of internally induced growth put forward by Lucas, Krugman, Glaeser and O'Sullivan. Without labor mobility, labor cannot close utility gaps, therefore not allowing the theoretical possibility for them to become too big, but not too small. A city's internal ability to induce growth is limited in Jacob's view if the majority of increases in productivity and innovation as a result of knowledge spill-overs arguably come from outside he industry, and hence city. The hukou system's power to restrict labor movement, restricts the possibility of â€Å"human containers shipping complex, uncodified information† (Storper, 2001) required for innovation from one interprovincial city to another, hence limiting the ability for growth. Chinese cities in effect, are forced into being ‘too small'. In conclusion, Myrdal (1957) argues a stable equilibrium assumption implies that a social process follows a direction, this in his view is wrong. It can be possible that some exogenous change has such strength and irection to bring the system to rest, however it is not a natural outcome and is furthermore unstable. Such a state can also be achieved through policy intervention – the hukou system in this case. Storper (1989) adds to this saying â€Å"growth is the pivot on which industrial geography turns, and change is the only constant in a world of persistent disequilibrium. Metaphorically, such an equilibrium (or disequilibrium relative to a less restricted system) resulting from the hukou system, contains provincial regions separately from one another rather than allowing a concoction give ise to a mass growing system. It can be argued however that smaller cities can be more desirable than those heavily under the influence of urban sprawl, exempting the dis-economies of increased congestion and commuting costs (Bruekner, 2000). But the strength and benefits of agglomeration economies in pushing cities to grow outweigh such by-products, as these can be addressed because of the innovation that is created. However, as discussed in this essay, there is much resentment against the hukou system. Huifeng (2010) presents a joint editorial in 13 Chinese mainland newspapers hat called on the nation's top legislative body to abolish the hukou system, as the strict population controls have split the country into rural and urban areas. He continues to say as the mainland has developed in recent decades, concerns have been expressed that the system may be doing more harm than good, with the divide between the urban and rural populations growing into a chasm. If the restrictions were lifted, a natural flow will be brought about onto the Chinese economy, allowing Chinese cities and regions to converge towards O'Sullivan's optimal equilibrium's, no longer rendering them ‘too small'.

Comparing Where the Scattering Began and Wherever I Hang

After analysing â€Å"Where the scattering began† by merle Collins and â€Å"Wherever I hang† by Grace Nichols, I found that both poets displayed the subject of adjusting to another culture effectively but, in very different ways. Grace Nichols used a very light hearted and simple style which I think reflected her relaxed attitude to life. This poem opens the reader’s eyes to her relaxed culture through the simple language. All though the poem is clear in its context, for some of the readers it can be quite hard to understand if the accent is not known. The dialect gives the readers an insight to the dialect of the poet herself and the Caribbean culture is also displayed in the warm inviting tone; this suggests that the culture is friendly and welcoming. I noticed that the poet included repetition of nouns to add emphasis at the beginning of the poem. Grace Nichols quotes: â€Å"I leave me people, me land, me home. † Perhaps the poet is generally conveying that she has come from a completely different world, and reveals to the readers that she regrets leaving her country because she includes specific happy memories of her home. The humming-bird could possibly be a metaphor of the beauty she sees within her country; this colourful, small, modest bird could essentially represent the country through the eyes of Grace Nichols. She Quotes: â€Å"I forsake the sun and the humming-bird splendour† But she sees England as a land of hope and possibility. Gradually as the poem progresses she â€Å"becomes accustomed to the English life† and â€Å"changes her calypso ways†. Cleverly as she becomes adjusted to the different culture, the poet’s language changes also, this is to emphasise the fact that her habits have changed. This poem illustrates the confusion of adjusting to another culture, even after many years, when she begins to become more accustomed to an English life, she still feels divided between her home and England. The confusion is displayed before the readers in one line: â€Å"To tell you the truth, I don’t really know where I belaang†

Essay on Frederick Douglass

Essay on Frederick Douglass Essay on Frederick Douglass Semester Project Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Frederick Douglass was one of the most prominent figures of the abolitionist movement, a movement that fought to end slavery. A brilliant speaker, Douglass engaged in a tour of lectures, and became recognized as one of America’s first great black speakers. Douglass also wrote a personal narrative in 1845 titled Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass (Taylor 34). Through his book , Frederick Douglass aimed to educate the uninformed Northern audience of the time. Douglass writes that before his book, the only side being shown to the North was the Southern Slave Master's side. This biased point of view did not paint an accurate picture of life in the South. In the book's preface, William Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Phillips express that this book is unlike any other slave narrative that has been published to this point because this book has been written by an actual slave who escaped from the horrors of slavery and lived to tell his story. Amani 2 Frederick Douglass was born to an African American slave mother, Harriet Baily, and a white slaveholder (Douglass 12). Since childhood Douglass was enslaved by many different families including the Lloyds and the Aulds. While working for the Aulds the slavemasters wife Sophia taught young Douglass how to read. When the Slavemaster, Hugh Auld, found out that Douglass was learning to read he became furious because it was unlawful to teach a slave to read. Hugh Auld believed that if a slave knew how to read and write that this would make him unfit to be a slave(Douglass 52). Douglass learned from his master’s outburst that if learning how to read and write was his pathway to freedom, then gaining this knowledge was to become his goal. Douglass later had a ruthless master by the name of Covey who was also known as the â€Å"nigger-breaker†(Douglass 80). One day Covey began tying Douglass to a post in preparation for a whipping, Douglass said, â€Å"At that moment from whence came the spirit I don’t know, I resolved to fight (Douglass 81).† Covey and Frederick fought for almost two hours until Covey finally gave up. After this, Douglass was passed on to other slaveholders until eventually he was then sent again to Hugh Auld in Baltimore and was hired out to a local shipbuilder so that he could learn the trade. Within a year, he was an experienced caulker and was being paid wages, which he in turn gave to Hugh Auld (Douglass 15). Through this job Douglass managed to pull of a successful escape disguised as a sailor. Frederick Douglass was one of the most influential men of the anti-slavery movement, as well as being a supporter of woman’s rights. As great orator he often used his first hand experience as a slave to help build support for the abolitionist movement. After r eading the book I felt that Douglass’s purpose for this narrative was primarily to educate northerners about the reality of slave life. â€Å"You have seen how a man was made a slave; you shall see how a slave was made a man† was my favorite quote from the book (Douglass 53). This quote made the message of the book clear to me because the narrative is about all the hardships Douglass faces as a slave yet he still becomes a free man in the end. In 1845 when the book was published slavery was commonly practiced throughout the United States (Taylor 22). The publication of this narrative not only gave northerners a closer look at slavery, but also evidence to refute arguments made supporting slavery and it exposed the scenic picture of slavery painted by slaveholders. The narrative was mainly for the northerners to see the south for what it truly was, but the narrative had a world wide impact as it was translated into many languages such as French, German, Dutch, and Russian. In relation to the 19th century discourse on slavery, Douglass challenges many ideas throughout his narrative. For example, Douglass learned to

Orwellian - Definition and Examples

Orwellian s To describe something as Orwellian is to say that it brings to mind the fictional totalitarian society of Oceania described in George Orwells novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. In Orwells novel, all citizens of Oceania are monitored by cameras, are fed fabricated news stories by the government, are forced to worship a mythical government leader called Big Brother, are indoctrinated to believe nonsense statements (the mantra WAR IS PEACE, SLAVERY IS FREEDOM, IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH), and are subject to torture and execution if they question the order of things. The word is sometimes used to describe a particularly anti-libertarian government policy, but it is also sometimes used to describe the peculiar, nonsensical thought process behind Oceanias social structure- a thought process in which ideas that are obviously self-contradictory are accepted as true based on the fact that an authority figure is asserting them. Orwellian Policies The Bush administrations No Child Left Behind program (which is unfunded and therefore technically leaves children behind) and Clear Skies Initiative (which weakens anti-pollution regulations and therefore technically makes skies less clear) are often cited as examples of Orwellian policies, but so are Londons omnipresent surveillance cameras and North Koreas patriotism indoctrination camps. The best way to understand what does and does not constitute Orwellian policy is to read Nineteen Eighty-Four itself. Secondhand descriptions of Oceania do not do justice to the oppressive, mind-wracking atmosphere described in the novel.

Calcite and Aragonite in Earths Carbon Cycle

Calcite and Aragonite in Earth's Carbon Cycle You may think of carbon as an element that on Earth is found mainly in living things (that is, in organic matter) or in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. Both of those geochemical reservoirs are important, of course, but the vast majority of carbon is locked up in carbonate minerals. These are led by calcium carbonate, which takes two mineral forms named calcite and aragonite. Calcium Carbonate Minerals in Rocks Aragonite and calcite have the same chemical formula, CaCO3, but their atoms are stacked in different configurations. That is, they are polymorphs. (Another example is the trio of kyanite, andalusite, and sillimanite.) Aragonite has an orthorhombic structure and calcite a trigonal structure. Our gallery of carbonate minerals covers the basics of both minerals from the rockhounds viewpoint: how to identify them, where theyre found, some of their peculiarities. Calcite is more stable in general than aragonite, although as temperatures and pressures change one of the two minerals may convert to the other. At surface conditions, aragonite spontaneously turns into calcite over geologic time, but at higher pressures aragonite, the denser of the two, is the preferred structure. High temperatures work in calcites favor. At surface pressure, aragonite cant endure temperatures above around 400Â °C for long. High-pressure, low-temperature rocks of the blueschist metamorphic facies often contain veins of aragonite instead of calcite. The process of turning back to calcite is slow enough that aragonite can persist in a metastable state, similar to diamond. Sometimes a crystal of one mineral converts to the other mineral while preserving its original shape as a pseudomorph: it may look like a typical calcite knob or aragonite needle, but the petrographic microscope shows its true nature. Many geologists, for most purposes, dont need to know the correct polymorph and just talk about carbonate. Most of the time, the carbonate in rocks is calcite. Calcium Carbonate Minerals in Water Calcium carbonate chemistry is more complicated when it comes to understanding which polymorph will crystallize out of solution. This process is common in nature, because neither mineral is highly soluble, and the presence of dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) in water pushes them toward precipitating. In water, CO2 exists in balance with the bicarbonate ion, HCO3, and carbonic acid, H2CO3, all of which are highly soluble. Changing the level of CO2 affects the levels of these other compounds, but the CaCO3 in the middle of this chemical chain pretty much has no choice but to precipitate as a mineral that cant dissolve quickly and return to the water. This one-way process is a major driver of the geological carbon cycle. Which arrangement the calcium ions (Ca2) and carbonate ions (CO32–) will choose as they join into CaCO3 depends on conditions in the water. In clean fresh water (and in the laboratory), calcite predominates, especially in cool water. Cavestone formations are generally calcite. Mineral cements in many limestones and other sedimentary rocks are generally calcite. The ocean is the most important habitat in the geological record, and calcium carbonate mineralization is an important part of oceanic life and marine geochemistry. Calcium carbonate comes directly out of solution to form mineral layers on the tiny round particles called ooids and to form the cement of seafloor mud. Which mineral crystallizes, calcite or aragonite, depends on the water chemistry. Seawater is full of ions that compete with calcium and carbonate. Magnesium (Mg2) clings to the calcite structure, slowing down the growth of calcite and forcing itself into calcites molecular structure, but it doesnt interfere with aragonite. Sulfate ion (SO4–) also suppresses calcite growth. Warmer water and a larger supply of dissolved carbonate favor aragonite by encouraging it to grow faster than calcite can. Calcite and Aragonite Seas These things matter to the living things that build their shells and structures out of calcium carbonate. Shellfish, including bivalves and brachiopods, are familiar examples. Their shells are not pure mineral, but intricate mixtures of microscopic carbonate crystals bound together with proteins. The one-celled animals and plants classified as plankton make their shells, or tests, the same way. Another important factor appears to be that algae benefit from making carbonate by ensuring themselves a ready supply of CO2 to help with photosynthesis. All of these creatures use enzymes to construct the mineral they prefer. Aragonite makes needlelike crystals whereas calcite makes blocky ones, but many species can make use of either. Many mollusk shells use aragonite on the inside and calcite on the outside. Whatever they do uses energy, and when ocean conditions favor one carbonate or the other, the shell-building process takes extra energy to work against the dictates of pure chemistry. This means that changing the chemistry of a lake or the ocean penalizes some species and advantages others. Over geologic time the ocean has shifted between aragonite seas and calcite seas. Today were in an aragonite sea that is high in magnesium- it favors the precipitation of aragonite plus calcite thats high in magnesium. A calcite sea, lower in magnesium, favors low-magnesium calcite. The secret is fresh seafloor basalt, whose minerals react with magnesium in seawater and pull it out of circulation. When plate tectonic activity is vigorous, we get calcite seas. When its slower and spreading zones are shorter, we get aragonite seas. Theres more to it than that, of course. The important thing is that the two different regimes exist, and the boundary between them is roughly when magnesium is twice as abundant as calcium in seawater. The Earth has had an aragonite sea since roughly 40 million years ago (40 Ma). The most recent previous aragonite sea period was between late Mississippian and early Jurassic time (about 330 to 180 Ma), and next going back in time was the latest Precambrian, before 550 Ma. In between these periods, Earth had calcite seas. More aragonite and calcite periods are being mapped out farther back in time. Its thought that over geologic time, these large-scale patterns have made a difference in the mix of organisms that built reefs in the sea. The things we learn about carbonate mineralization and its response to ocean chemistry are also important to know as we try to figure out how the sea will respond to human-caused changes in the atmosphere and climate.