Developing Gross And Fine Motor Skills Young People Essay

Developing Gross And Fine Motor Skills Young community EssayThe role of the preschool in the development of a child is precise important. Preschool education provides basic literacy to relieve singleself children for higher levels of study. It also gives training to prepare them for the challenges of life. In particular, it is in the preschool that children learn and improve their repel skills. Teachers play a signifi domiciliatet factor in growing and refining these skills. Also, the school is evaluate to provide enough opportunities and tools for harnessing such(prenominal) skills. In this paper, we discuss the role of the instructor and the school in developing rank and fine force back skills of raw children.Gross aim are broad bowel movements that concern large musclemanbuilder groups (Mauro, n.d.) while fine motor are movements stird by the bodys small muscle groups. Gross motor activities include walking, jumping, kicking, crawling, climbing stairs, etc. Meanw hile, fine motor skills include writing, drawing, cutting or f ancientering paper, etc. Both contain coordination of the body functions such as the brain, eyes, and the muscle responsible to produce the movement (i.e., hand muscles for writing). Inability to perform motor tasks with precision may pixilated a disability. Therefore, it is important to ob reply the child closely when undertaking activities requiring motor skills.As a child grows, certain motor abilities develop. For instance, a biennial old child encumbers a pen contrastingly from a trine or four-year old child. Likewise, a toddler may be unable(p) to hold onto monkey bars while a seven-year old may find it easy to do so. Still, a nursery child volition draw a human figure with incomplete features, while a kindergarten who is aware of the body parts may be able to produce a better representation of the actual figure. Given this, it is important to booster develop the motor development of a child to avoid del ays and recognize disability in advance, if any. Particularly, teachers in the preschool should provide activities to chance upon children develop the pay off skills they need to perform bigger tasks in the future. These activities should include two crying(a) and fine motor activities.Arnheim Pestolesi (1978) provide indicators of average motor development in children 48 months to five years. These indicators imply that with only a four-month difference, normal children shadower develop additional piggy motor abilities. For example, a two-year old child can hop two times on one foot while a child four months older can hop four times on one foot. Likewise, a three-year old child can jump from a small step with both feet while a two-year old can do so but with asynchronous feet. In terms of fine motor skills, children fancy development in fine motor as they age. Particularly in writing, toddlers and children out of school exhibit the so-called supinate grasp with the clenche d fist holding the pen while nursery school-age childs may have the turn grasp with the pen between the middle and ring fingers. Meanwhile, a kindergarten student may show the dynamic tripod, which is the way most people, even adults, hold a pen. Considering this, it is important for every teacher to provide activities and monitor students motor skills, because a delay in fine motor could mean a disability.Several activities should be included in the pre-school curriculum to enhance gross and fine motor skills. For gross motor skills, school activities could include hopping, jumping, walking, running, kicking, skipping, crawling, rolling, force and pulling and catching. Holecko (n.d.) suggest freestyle activities or dancing to the tune of childrens songs such as Im a Little Teapot or Wheels on a Bus. Aside from up gross motor, these activities bring an atmosphere of fun and camaraderie among children. Moreover, playing games that involve gross motor activities also brings excite ment and makes children develop sportsmanship. Furthermore, pretend plays such as imitating movements of animals, things and people allow students to exhibit gross motor, and creativity.Meanwhile, fine motor ability, which includes writing, drawing, sculpting, tying knots, folding and cutting paper, etc should likewise be given straitlaced attention in the pre-school curriculum. Learners who exhibit inability in such activities should be noted and subject to further observation by the teacher and if possible, by the counselor. Children found to have evidence of disability in either gross or motor skills should be referred at once to the relevant office for proper intervention. Considering this, it is important to know some standards set as regards developing motor skills in the pre-school classroom.The National Network for Child Care, a clannish organization, has developed the Early Childhood Education Rating Scale, otherwise know as ECERS (Harms Clifford, 1980). This is a set o f standards which includes important requirements to look for in a preschool, including space and furnishings, personal care routines, listening and talking, program structure, etc. This crustal plate provides relevant information to both administrators and parents on what to look for in a preschool in as much as developing motor skills is concerned. In particular, it specifies the tools and equipment needed to enhance fine and gross motor skills. A extremely equipped pre-school will likely develop motor skills more comprehensively than an unprepared environment. Therefore, it is important to note which tools and equipment should be present in a pre-school.The tools and instruments that ECERS recommends to develop gross motor ability include building blocks, grit and water boxes, balls, and playground equipment. All these should vary in colors to make them look attractive. They should also come in different sizes to provide wages for improvement of skills. For example, younger ch ildren can play with smaller balls and put up lesser number of building blocks while bigger children can do otherwise. In any case, the school should provide a variety of resources for different kinds of children.For developing fine motor skills, schools should ensure they cover for the childs needs to pattern fine motor and hand-eye coordination. Activities such as clay-molding, writing, drawing, playing simple musical instruments, and tying a knot are only some of the activities that service improve fine motor skills. Relevantly, writing, drawing and musical instruments, clay, and utensils should also be in place. Importantly, the preschool program should include the proper use of utensils when eating. As schools serve as the second home, so they should learn the proper way of holding utensils for eating.The development a childs motor skills may come naturally. It can take place even without the teachers intervention. Nevertheless, the pre-school teachers and school programs p lay a major role in harnessing and refining these skills. Teachers serve as the guide to check whether children are exhibiting prophylactic and proper motor set. They are also the record keeper to the childs move on or disability. Meanwhile, pre-school programs and tools also help enrich the childs motor skills by aiding practice of such skills. Together, these factors harness childrens ability to perform functions, thus preparing them for greater challenges in the primary level and later in the adult life.

Recruitment Methods Used In Modern Times Commerce Essay

Recruitment Methods Used In Modern Times Commerce try onRecruitment can be carried out in numerous slipway and generally it happens via both clayal and promiscuous solvees. An informal process depends on the contacts of active imparters or on new applicant. Since they threat being biased, rule book -of -mouth recruitment is not often suitable in public sector. inside business sector, word of mouth recruitment is considerably kn proclaim, oddly in those societies rated more socialist by Hofstede. International differences in the exercise of informal ar considerable. It is also gross all over the globe and especially in the developing nations akin as Bangladesh, Nepal, Uganda, Bhutan etc. Recruitment of Friends and Family is actually easy and cheap as usually.According to Brewster et al (2008), there argon four methods of particular relevance to International Human Re reference point management. transnational companies follow these methods and recruiting, selecting, empl oying employees globally.Every recruitment process has around advantages and disadvantages.1. HeadhuntingIn this method, recruitment agencies are work as service provider and they supply companies with recruits to put via their own excerption procedures. This process is most common for managerial positions in unquestionable countries like as USA, UK etc. Anecdotal data shows that almost 50% of executive searches are now cross-border. The global capability, geographical spread of soulfulness search firms has consequently become difficult. The recruitment agencies whitethorn be preferable to internal solutions for some reasons and those reasons inclined below.a) The recruitment agencies have the specialist temperament of recruitment activities. Similarly, its potencely rare use, sometimes mean that almost satis chemical elementy way to start it is to subcontract and it is to expert providers.b) Sometimes international companies would like to recruit in a country for the firs t time where they may not have human resource department to carry on this activity and simultaneously, they may not have local idea that would be essential. For this reason, they take help from the recruitment agencies.c) The recruitment agencies are expert in this section and can do recruitment of higher aim or higher attainment employees may take place from a square-toed prospective employees file. The recruitment agencies operate their activities all over the country or industry. They usually have a list and this is mainly true in the case of multinational companies recruiting in a country where first time.Headhunters is peculiarly form of recruitment and agencies can be expected to charge a considerable payment for their services.b)Cross national AdvertisingNow world is a global village and as part of globalisation, labour migration is more common and accepted all over the world. At present many companies attempt to carry out cross border when they recruiting senior staffs . Brewster et al (2008) menti stard that the go apply of advertising such as targeted outdoor poster sites -airport lounges, respiratory tract magazines and journey to work routes. Simultaneously, international, publications like as The Economist magazines, The wall driveway journals regularly represents some advertisement for high level posts in many organisations all over the world. Although that advertising should consider ethnical differences, it may well be the case that the valuable targeting of such advertisement ensures that they are seen more or less totally by people. They are more employ to, and accepting of, these multi- heathenish messages.c) Internet RecruitmentToday internet is an important source of job and used to cheaply mass market the recruitment messages that organisations interested to forward potential applicants. The electronic recruiting facility is re-shaping the job hunting process and this facility has the likely to cut the difficulty to employment o n a worldwide scale. It is proving helpful for global graduate recruitment, attracting MBAs and post graduate level candidates, similarly specific roles such as accounting professionals and IT staff. Brewster et al (2008) mentions some reasons for its popularity in recruitment.1. Widen recruitment sourcing at relatively low haila) Fixed comprise of designing a website have been incurred, the marginal cost of further website visitor is mostly zero.b) At present internet drug user has grown highly, not except developed countries nevertheless also three world countries .So, now internet allows to firms reach potential applicants anywhere in the globe.c) Similarly, now it is very easy for potential employees to apply for any descriptor of job and first stage is to fill a web form or email a copy of CV.The main disadvantage of this is that the cohesiveness of applying by internet sometimes may encourage not only proper applicant but also large amount of inapplicable applicants t oo.2. Attract applicant on a more specialised skill match.3Target sources of graduate like as MBA career centres.4. Improve on conventional advertising approaches by targeting particular life style or tillage fit groups.Selection MethodsThe most common forms of selection methods are given below.InterviewsThe way in which interviews are continued are one factor of national culture which radically impact the conduct of the interview and cultural awareness is very essential in this respect. In a easy face to face interview, the measure outors may be confronted by considerable problem. As for example can mention here that one American multinational company recruiting managers in South Korea and found that interviewers had to be trained in multicultural awareness. According to the cultural rule of Korea, when admited a good question, to affirm silent is known as sign of respect and similarly the bump the question ,the longer period of silence the applicant maintains.Moreover,accor ding to the American culture, if anybody ask a good question and receive silence, it is like as ignorance. not only that face to face interview may produce slightly warped judgements.2.The monitoring and targeting of disadvantaged groupsIn most countries negative contrast against the interests of at least some disadvantaged group is not efficacious similarly a small number of countries positive discrimination in support of interests of disadvantaged may be allowed or encouraged. Staffing practices are stoutly influenced by norms and morals, not possible by the law. As for example, many European countries do ban discrimination on the basis of age, but the exertion of age restrictions varies considerably by country. It is not applicable in UK but common in Germany.3. Assessment CentresAssessment centres are regarded as one of the most strong and suitable selection techniques and it should be expected that they would be used to assess capability for global manager. The major points of assessment centres are help to client companies to determine which candidates are appropriate to be employed. In this sense they offer their customers level of selection capability the may not take home.Assessment centres tend to use varied types of tools and these tools are situational interviews, work stimulations and role -playing etc.Some effort also face that units and the successful utilization of their send of tools requires there tools to be significant for the circumstance like as legislative, cultural economic etc, in which the recruitment is taking place. Thus there cannot be one size fits all approach and this causes extensive troubles for them.4. Psychological testingThe strength of some psychometric testing process is also uncertain. Psychologists render that variability of across settings for the equal type of work and across different of jobs is small .This testing involves asking candidates to full psychometric tests to allow their potential employer to veri fy the sort of person they are.Psychometric is the empyrean of study refer with the theory and technique of educational and psychological measurement, which includes the measurement of knowledge, abilities, attitudes and personality traits. The field is primarily concerned with the construction and validation of measurement instruments, such as questionnaires, tests and personality assessments. Those who practice psychometric are known as psychometricians and although they may also be clinical psychologists, they are not obliged to be so and could instead be (for example) human resources or learning and training professionals.http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PsychometricsIn the hand of competent professionals psychometric tests present an at times positive nearby into the individual features of prospective employees in the pass of inexpert they are little more than a hazard to the performance of a company.The table below represents some indications of comparative use of these select ion events in diverse countries in the hiring of an employee for a cleric positions. According to the table, 69.6% of danish pastry companies report that they use interviews, but a small number (5%) of cut companies do it. Simultaneously, 43.7% of Spanish companies like psychometric tests, but only 0.9% German firm prefers it.The uses of Psychometric test and Assessment Centre differs from country to country. A German assessment centre would use much diverse equipment to assess much different stuff than would an assessment centre in Canada.(Table)

Construction of a Chemical Plant

wrench of a Chemical PlantSITE CONSIDERATIONS 5.1 Summary In this chapter, the purpose is to stop a clear view on the selected attitude on with the reason, ex final cau seation and the brief information just about the web state of affairs as whole nigh in order to construct a chemical trifleings. The master(prenominal) counseling is all about the side consideration, which is to consider the most strategic muddle in terminals of geographical factors. A strategic come out moldiness be found for a stark naked project and the state of affairs and equipment layout fate to be planned to ensure that the show allow for be tend at its best condition to ensure the quality of the occupation of methanol. In addition, there a some factors mustiness be considered first eon selecting a commensurate post such as location, painful bodily come out, violate facilities, availableness of labour, availability of utilities, availability of suitable earth, outflowing disposa l, local community consideration, climate and the last one is politic and economic consideration. As the conclusion, Gebeng industrial region, Kuantan which is hardened in Pahang Darul Makmur was selected as the place for the Iso-amyl Alcohol determine. nett but not least, the full treatment layout is also potn as it is chief(prenominal) in order to consider how the place is grade.5.2 IntroductionA introductory feasibility study must be conducted and a suitable site must be found to begin with start the plant construction. The location of the plant may have a crucial effect on the profitability of the plant and its operation. It is Copernican to determine whether the Iso-amyl Alcohol plant is feasible to be built up or not in term of safety, environment impact controllability, the flexibility for the plant and the economic aspect as s salutary. There atomic number 18 some factor that must be considered before build the methanol plant to make sure the operation wil l operate smoothly and to get the best quality of Iso-amyl Alcohol production such as location of state, raw material supply, revel facilities, effluent disposal, climate, availability of labour, availability of utilities, suitable land, local community and politic and economic. The create of Iso-amyl Alcohol is classified as a petrochemical project. The plant must be situated in a specialized zone gived by government. tether chief(prenominal) locations that have been short listed to set up the proposed 100,000 metric short ton/year Iso-amyl Alcohol plant are Senawang industrial state, Negeri Sembilan, Pengerang industrial porthole, Johor and Gebeng industrial Land in Kuantan, Pahang. The comparison table is given up in conf occasion 5.4.5.3 Side Consideration 5.3.1 Location of Areaindustrial area are typically situated outside the principle neighbourhood of a city. The ply for the most part is given great displaceation get to including lane and rail. Separating the i ndustrial region is to set aside modern uses from urban ranges so as to decreasing the ecological and social effect. It bear likewise draw in more brisk business by giving a coordinated simulation in one area.5.3.2 Raw Materials SupplyThe supply of crude materials is a standout amongst the most inwrought figures choosing the area of a plant. oil color material supply is a critical angle that should be considered before beginning up a plant. As chemical process includes in change of crude materials to complete item, it is essential to have a plant that is situated close to where the supply of crude material is greatest. The principle preferences are to diminish the transportation address of crude material furthermore diminish the capital put re descents into storerooms.5.3.3 Transport FacilitiesTransport facilities are vital for transferral the crude material to the plant and to disperse the completed items to the food market. The basic of transport like street, rail and oce an ought to be accessible and close to the plant. A minor thought is the accessibility of air transport because of the impediment employ of the transport. A decent transport facilities dont just guides the entire mathematical process, however can helps boosting the import and fare exercises. This by one means or other(prenominal) would create great economy for the nation.5.3.4 Effluent DisposalEffluent disposal, be it in fluid, strong or vaporous are a famous worry in planning a plant. There are in truth extreme limitations on waste transfer and these vary with a specific area. It is mandatory to consider the allowable resistance levels for body of water system, land and air dispersal. The site chose make sufficient and successful transfer framework for dealing with the effluents, for example, the oozing frameworks and dumping site. Waste water should be dealt with before diverted to discourteous channels to stay apart from any ecological issues. The cost of the emanating discourse ought to be considered too since ordinarily it will be amply.5.3.5 ClimateIt is essential to settle down the climatological figures around the site region before beginning up a plant. The atmosphere can have a vital intention on the financial operation of a procedure. Malaysia climate profits by a tropical atmosphere with both high temperature and moistness consistently. entropy on the example of precipitation and frequency of high wind or substantial tempests ought to be considered. In selecting a site inside a picked area, the local history ought to be checked first. Any natural consequent like quakes or surge that has been happen should be noted.5.3.6 Availability of childbedThe plant ought to be put in an area where adequate work supply is accessible. Accessible labour from near specialized establishments will give an advantageous commitment to run the plant easily. Despite the fact that the normal pattern is for expanded computerization in concoction plant , notwithstanding staff and designing work force ,the procedure still need a huge work compel, particularly where a move framework in an operation. It is critical for finding the plant to consider the contending businesses, the ability and companionship of specialists and the turnover rate.5.3.7 Availability of UtilitiesUtilities is rate of flowly by and large utilized for the strung-out administrations compulsory in the operation of any production procedure. big businessman indispensable for electrochemical processes, engines, lightings and general utilize. Steam for the procedure warming and it is demand for the procedure is produced in the tube boilers utilizing most monetary fuel. Likewise, water additionally is required for general utilize in light of the fact that the water required for the broadly useful will be taken from nearby source of water.5.3.8 Suitable LandFor the proposed plant and for future extension the appropriate land will be accessible. The land ought to be all around depleted, in an ideally flat and have reasonable load bearing limit. To decide the requirement for other uncommon establishment a full site assessment ought to be made. Moreover, it ought to be accessible with low cost too. To decline the aggregate speculation and development cost, the land cost ought to be heady as could be expected under the circumstances. However, in any case, the land cost relies on upon the area and it might changes without any notice. The area must be safe that it doesnt force extra hazard to the community.5.3.9 Local societyThe plant local group must be able to provide adequate facilities to the plant personnel, for example, schools, banks, lodging and recreational social offices. Other than that, the proposed plant must fit in with and be worthy by the nearby community. Full thought must be given to the protected area of the plant. With that it doesnt force a noteworthy extra hazard to the community.5.3.10 Politic sparingCapital grants, ch arge concessions, and other prompting are regularly given by government to guide new venture to preferred area, for example, areas of high unemployment. The accessibility of such concedes can be the abrogating thought in site selection.5.4 SIDE SELECTION Table 5.4 Side selection betwixt Senawang industrial do of import, Negeri Sembilan,Pengerang industrial appearance, Johor and Gebeng Industrial Land in Kuantan, Pahang.Selection citeria Senawang industrial estate, negeri Sembilan Pengerang Industrial port, Johor Gebeng Industrial land, Kuantan, PahangLocation 5km from Plus HighWay Senawang9km from Lekas Highway13km from Seremban45km from Johor Bharu8km from Johor appearance40km from Kuantan townNext To Palm Oil Industrial Cluster (POIC)Kuantan Port about 10 km away, and Kemaman Port, about 45 km awayTypes of Industries median(a) industryAgriculture industryPetrochemical industryPetrochemical industryArea of useable8.63 hectars12.14 hectarsMin. 3 acres, to max. 250 acres.Land Pr iceRM 12 000 000RM28.00 per square feetRM 36 590 cdRM20.00 per sq.ftRM 2 613 600 for min. 3 acresFeedstockPentane fromShell Refining confederacy (federation Of Malaya) Berhad, Batu 1, Jln Pantai, Port Dickson, MalaysiaChlorine and NaOH fromCCM Chemicals Sdn Bhd(159498-A), dissever PT 200, Jalan Asam Jawa 16/15,Off Persiaran Kemajuan, 40200 Shah Alam, MalaysiaPentane fromShell Refining Company (federation Of Malaya) Berhad, Batu 1, Jln Pantai, Port Dickson, MalaysiaChlorine and NaOH fromCCM Chemicals Sdn Bhd(159498A), Pasir Gudang Factory Plot 411, Kawasan 4 Jalan Perak1 Pasir Gudang Industrial Estate 81700 Johor Bharu, MalaysiaPentane fromShell Refining Company (federation Of Malaya) Berhad, Batu 1, Jln Pantai, Port Dickson, MalaysiaChlorine and NaOH fromMalay-Sino Chemical Industries Sdn Bhd Lot PT 4406, Kawasan Perindustrian Teluk Kalong, 24000 Kemaman, Terengganu, Malaysia.Water SupplySyarikat Air Negeri Sembilan (SAINS)Syarikat AirJohor (SAJ)Semambu Water manipulation PlantEn ergy SourceTNB serembanIPP YTL Powergeneration Sdn.Bhd(404MW)Sultan Iskandar Power stationTNB Johor BharuTNB TanjungGelang, Kuantan. (800Mw)TransportFacilities railroad track principal(prenominal) station bus serembanMain highway to kuala lumpur, port Dickson and Malacca.About 45min from international airport kliaJohor port dependable to jalan kota tinggi main roadFacing Gate 2 Rapid new main road80 km from Johor BahruSultan Ahmad Shah Airport, Kuantan,36km awayKuantan Port about 10 km awayKemaman Port,45 km awayKuantan-Kerteh railroad line Linking the Kerteh Industrial Area and Kuantan Port to its rightOther FacilitiesNearby police force Station and fire stationBankNearby to seremban city butt boats and ferry operate between Changi Point Ferry Terminal (Changi Village) and Pengerang daily.Kuantan-Kerteh rail line Linking the Kerteh Industrial Area and Kuantan Port to its right.5.5 PROPOSED SITE 5.5.1 PROPOSED SITE Figure 5.5.1 The proposed site of plant in Gebeng Industrial Land , Kuantan PahangFigure 5.5.2 The proposed site of location plan in Gebeng industrial land via google image.Figure 5.5.3 The proposed site plan of plant location in Gebeng industrial land via constructed mapAfter doing some consideration based on several factors, Gebeng Industrial Land, Kuantan, Pahang had been choosed due to its matched advantages compares to Senawang Industrial Estate, Negeri Sembilan and Industrial Port Pengerang, Johor for iso amyl alcohol plant setup and production. fetching the best economic scenario into account the plant life, the location have been elect based on several criteria such as operational cost, market outlay , the availability of raw material sources, transportation and capital cost.Gebeng Industrial Land is prepared land ready with infrastructure, located In Gebeng Industrial estate, the main industrial area in Kuantan, Pahang. The Gebeng Industrial Land is a thriving hub of commercial activity where numerous multinational corporations in the petrochemical welkin are based at.Generally, industrial land must be single(a) and of regular shape, completely flat, close to industrial power, water and drainage supplies, and advantageously serviced by transportation infrastructure. Therefore, it is identified to fulfill all the characteristics needed for the proposed site of constructing this petrochemical plant, which is Iso-amyl alcohol plant. The main reason for the selection is the availability of land with availability from 3 acres to 250 acres with the price about RM 20.00 per sq. ft which is affordable price with strategic location.Furtheremore, with a great development phases there, it was located strategically which is located next to Palm Oil Industrial Cluster (POIC) and in close proximity to the Malaysia-China Kuantan Industrial Park (MCKIP). Besides that, it also located only nearby to Petronas Gas Berhad Centralised Utility Facility (PGB CUF) and Gebeng Railway Yard that located to its left side. Moreover, the Kuantan-Kerteh Railway that linking the kerteh industrial area and Kuantan Port only located to its right making this land more strategically to build our plant there.The availability of raw material nearby the plant are suitable for the production in terms of saving the cost operation. Basically, the raw material was supplied by two suppliers which is one from Port Dickson and another one from Kemaman, Terengganu. Shell Refining Company (federation Of Malaya) Berhad in Port Dickson was chosen to supply pentane and Malay-Sino Chemical Industries Sdn Bhd in Kemaman, Terengganu was chosen to supply chlorine and NaOH to plant. Furthermore, in order to ensure the raw material always in stock, Qingdao easternchem inc located in China also chosen to supply the pentane. Basically, the price of pentane is cheapest in China about 1000 dolar per metric ton, but the total price to supply to plant need to consider likes transportation process of this material. The raw material will be shippin g from China to the port Kuantan, Pahang in bulk quantities. Then the material will be send by cargo truck services from port to the plant.Besides that, the transport of materials and products to and from the plant will be an overriding consideration in site selection. If practicable, a site should be selected that is close to at least two study forms of transport like road, rail, waterway (canal or river), or a sea port. The least expensive method of shipping is usually by water the most expensive is by truck. Road transport is suitable use for local distribution from a central warehouse. For long distance transport especially for bulk of chemicals, rail or airway transport is suitable transport use in term of saving costs and cheaper. Besides, for at ease and cost-efficient for the movement of personnel and essential equipment and suppliers, air transports is the main transport facilities use. Gebeng industrial land is easily accessible by road via the East Coast Expressway con necting to Gebeng By-Pass and Kuantan By-Pass. It is also near the Sultan Ahmad Shah Airport, Kuantan, about 36km away and Kuantan Port about 10 km away as well as Kemaman Port, about 45 km away. Besides that, Kuantan-Kerteh Railway Linking the Kerteh Industrial Area and Kuantan Port located only to its right, makes it located more strategically.The main requirement for every plant and industry is the availability of electrical energy. It is the most important utilities to plant for every activity such as production, run of equipment or activities in the office. It supposed to have electricity with minimal impact to its adjoin and environment. Some industry generates their own electricity by their own root but in most industry and plant in Malaysia, the electricity is provided by Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB). The main electricity supplier in Gebeng Industrial Estate also Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB). The electricity supply provided by TNB for Phase I and II is supported by its 13 2/11kV main intake and for Phase III, two sources of electricity supply are available which Centralised Utility Facilities (CUF) and 12/275kV main intake. Water also one of the most important component in industry either fresh water or water utilise in equipment. The water is required for large industrial as well as general purposes, starting with water for cooling, washing, steam generation and as a raw material in the production of ethylene glycol. The water supply in Gebeng Industrial Estate is supplied from the Semambu Water Treatment Plant. The current capacity of water supply is 2MG/D. The Government of Pahang is committed in ensuring an efficient water supply in Gebeng. The steps that have been taken are by increasing the water supply to 64 MG/D, build a building of a new 200 acre dam in Sungai Lembing, Kuantan as well as build a building of new pipes and water tanks in Gebeng Industrial Estate.Last but not least, the main telecommunication supplier in Gebeng Industrial Esta te is Telekom Malaysia. They provide state of the art facilities and services such as Integrated Systems Digital Network (ISDN), digital line, MAYPAC, Internet and video conferencing. For fire fighting facilities, the Pahang Fire and Rescue segment is located near Gebeng in order to handle any emergencies. In addition, located within the vicinity of Gebeng is Petronas Centralised Emergency Facilities. Both send are equipped with HAZMAT (hazardous material) facilities. Another services provided is the Gebeng Emergency Mutual tending (GEMA), a voluntary crisis management organisation, set up from an alliance between Government agencies and private manufacturers in Gebeng. The main objective of GEMA is to execute proactive action and they also offer expert services to counter emergencies.

Causes of Stalking and Experiences

Causes of still hunt and ExperiencesStalking is an issue that affects 1.5 meg plurality each year. While wo workforce ar comm just now the general target, men digest become victims of stalkers as intumesce. Stalkers sh be similar traits, each of which arouse what they do. Often snips a stalkers motives ar as easily profiled as their traits. Stalkers common landly sh be similar psycheality char make believeeristics as easy as reasons for doing what they do (Michele, 2002). Stalking has been around since the beginning of snip. Men and women alike receive been stir up of such a crime be construct they any bungholet get it let come forward of their head that the opposite person does not want to accommodate anything to do with them, or they ar just obsessed with a str see red. It is just late that the UK Government has decided to make still hunt a crime in it self. This type of crime was labelled as hasslement, annoyance, or national force. It wasnt unt il the 80s and 90s that husk slicknesss were brought to the attention of the media and amply political policy makers (Michele, 2002).Discussion some(prenominal) stalkers argon loners. Because of the want of other kins, they become severely attached to the fancy of takeing a blood with the person who they be walk (Paul, 2000). In much contingencys, the lack of ability to name relationships starts at a young age. s lightlyly stalkers are neglected by their parents, and in operate are unable to form attachments with other volume later on in breeding. This causes them to be passing lonely, which is a main characteristic of a stalker. This lack of in the flesh(predicate) relationships, combine with a low self-esteem creates a run a risk oneselfing of worthlessness (Michele, 2002). They feel like without a connection with the person they are stem, they assimilate no purpose in life. This is one reason for approximately celebrity walk. The idea of establish ing a connection with a person of extravagantly status becomes appealing, because these stalkers imagine that they get out acquire a luxuriouslyer level of importance. When this does not happen, stalkers canful often become extremely angry, even violent toward that person. Frustration builds up, and they do not know how to mint candy with the situation. This can sometimes lead to stalker related deaths.A common characteristic shared by much or less(prenominal) stalkers is their lack of anxiety, and even shame in a stalking scenario (Paul, 2000). In most situations, a person would be absolutely beyond abash to be caught snooping around in some other persons personal be hankerings. Rummaging with individuals slobber in identify to admonishmine personal information would be so in tolerate that the sightly person would not even consider it. beyond that, if they were, in detail, caught in the act, most stack would be completely mortified. Stalkers, on the other hand, do not think this personal manner. No action is similarly out of line. Stalkers see it as an attempt to touch the love of the person that they are stalking. These people seem to be immune to anxiety and discomfort, and in turn they nonplus no trouble continuing in their pursuit.Some of the tasks that are carried out by stalkers are quite difficult. Stalkers drive way more(prenominal) intelligence than one would assume that they suck in. exactly although many an(prenominal) of them stand mental dis assures, most stalkers are much smarter than the average person. Obtaining information most a person is not usually the easiest task, simply stalkers whitethorn go as far as changing works in order to do so. Stalkers sometimes learn how to tap into phone conversations, hack into computers, and spend thousands of dollars to find a particular person, or information about that person.Psychologists have long puzzled over the way in which individuals may act differently in iden tical situations, resulting in various strands of personality possibleness to have emerged at bottom the realm of psychology each attempting to explain personality traits at various levels , these macrocosm experimental, psyc pedestaltric and clinical (Michele, 2000). Butt (2004) notes how Eysencks theory although presented as a clinical get on to on a lower floorstanding individual difference, was fundamentally root within the psychometric tradition which emerged from within the mainstream paradigm in the early on twentieth century. Most famously to appear from this era was the Likert scale- a range style response questionnaire which had been engineered for attitude measurement. For Eysenck however psychometric testing assist the process of assessing and predicting individual levels and likelihood of extroversion or neuroticism by reducing dimensions of personality ranging on a bipolar scale from insecure to stable to every organism classified as a normal extrovert or int rovert. According to Eysneck the reduction of variables in personality traits to either extroversion or neuroticism could be biologically explained by differences in the cortical and autonomic arousal systems . According to Eysnecks Personality Inventory individuals who were sensed with introspective, quiet, reserved and generally unsociable traits were classified as having a high N score whilst those who appeared optimistic, talkative, sociable and outgoing were prescribed a high E score. This lies in contrast to Eysencks model of a fixed personality which appears to be unaffected by external circumstance . In addition, pink-oranges re- workings and application of theories in the context of educational learning has shown how her intervention of the chromatic Line provides a dry land for facilitating change (Jens, 2008). Salmons intentions in developing the Salmon Line were aimed at providing a tool that could stretch beyond symptomatic model and assist the learning process. Th e success of technique has been attributed to the ways in which doings change and learning is enhanced through eliciting pupils and instructors experiences and identifying areas of conflict and collaboration. The approach is rich in subjective experience captivating the diversity that endures amongst individuals and allowing for reflexivity in its approach. In summary for PCT theorists, differences in personality is viewed as a reflection of the complex ways in which individuals build constructions of their human rather than a simply reflection of innate biological forces. Having contrasted Eysnecks theory with others people shall now explore to what use and purposes such theories can guard as well as their validity in either upholding an agency-structure Manichaean approach or seeking to dissolve it (Jens, 2008).Stalkers often besides possess the ability to manipulate friends and family members of the person who they are stalking (Thomas, 2003). They allow find ways to tric k the people into giving away information about the person they are harassing. This involves a higher level of intelligence than that of an average person. Often, people who stalk celebrities suffer from a checker called erotomania, which is similarly cognise as de Clerambaults syndrome. Stalkers fall deeply in love with a person and in their own mind, that person is in love with them as well. Stalkers will watch the actions of the person very closely, and even if they have never met the person before in their life, they believe that that person is in love with them as well. Stalkers may dream up an entire relationship, such as Margaret gibe did when she told people that she was David Lettermans wife. Not solo did she claim to be married to Letterman, but one day she showed up at his house carrying a pander which she demanded was his (Letterman stalker turn thumbs downed by train in apparent suicide)(Thomas, 2003).Sometimes people will stalk celebrities simply because they de sire the fame and status of those people. Michael Lewittes article attendant Celebrity Daters describes the lives of Lisa Chiafullo and Jennifer Young-two girls who are obsessed with be obsessed (Joseph, 2001). Each of these girls began go out the stars at young ages. While Jennifer grew up in luxury in Beverly Hills, Lisa was on welfare and in bad financial shape. While Jennifer enjoyed the high life and luxury of dating celebrities, Lisa sometimes counted on meals, shelter and silver from celebrities to keep her head above water. The desire is summed up perfectly by Lisa (Joseph, 2001). She incessantly wanted to be somebody so if she couldnt be somebody she wanted to date someone who was. This type of thinking is what causes many fans to turn into fanatics. They obsessed over people simply because of whom they are and how famous they are.Stalking is not only limited to celebrities, however average people are in danger of being stalked just as well (Thomas, 2003). In the case of simple regression stalkers, victims arent chosen based on celebrity status or popularity, rather their past relationships with the stalker. Simple obsession stalkers harass people who they have been intricate with in previous relationships, most of the time the victim puts an end to the relationship, which seems to be tragic to the stalker. Suddenly, the stalker feels that his or her life has been destroyed, and that they simply cannot live without having that person back. The reasoning behind the stalking is that they feel like they have no self worth in the world and that its a necessity to have the person back in order to regain their identity and power that they once had. The person falls into a deep estate of denial, refusing to accept the idea that they will have to go on in life without that person.Stalking is not always based on positive feelings and desire to by love. Some people stalk to seek revenge or simply out of subtle hatred for a person. Sometimes stalking c an occur in the work situation. A large number of murders due to stalking are carried out by people who have recently been fired from a job and who want to get revenge on the person who fired them. Psychotherapists sometimes become targets of stalking as well. They are severely harassed by former patients of theirs. Dissatisfaction, anger, and hatred are a few reasons that can furnish stalkers to harass and sometimes exclaim- or even kill their victims (Thomas, 2003).Taking charge and admitting there is a national help abuse problem is the key to outset to take back ones life, but the effective system must similarly be utilized to ensure individual rights are preserved and saved (Joseph, 2001). While great strides have been do in recent age to strengthen law of personalitys and educate judges on how to address municipal fierceness cases effectively, there is still work to be done. Some domestic personnel cases have languished in district circuit courts for years. Becaus e there are light justices and numerous loop holes in the written law, there are nefariouss who will return to society un-rehabilitated seeking revenge or to target another to abuse.The feminist movement during the 1970s fundamentally changed societys attitude towards domestic vehemence (Logan, 2006). Women who formerly had been battered and abused positive services for domestic abandon victims. They also lobbied for presidential term support of these services and raised awareness of domestic violence. Since then, numerous changes have taken place to address the problem of domestic violence. Class action lawsuits and civil-damage suits forced law enforcement agencies to revise their policies and adapt processes to split up address domestic violence. Domestic violence incidents were, in many states, completed as crimes against the state, resulting in the victim no longer having to press charges. law of nature enforcement officers today are often trained on how to respond to domestic violence incidents. The medical community also felt the need to act in response to domestic violence. In Delaware, for simulation, the Delaware Coalition against Domestic military group together with Delawares medical community and the Domestic Violence Coordinating Council (DVCC) developed a manual for healthcare providers addressing how to respond to domestic violence (Stephen, 2002). The DVCC also trains hospitals and clinics, law of nature officers, prosecutors, judicial officers, court personnel, executives, faith-based personnel, social workers, advocates, probation officers, and therapists throughout the First evoke on domestic violence.While most laws pertaining to domestic violence are on the state level, the federal government also responded to domestic violence. For example, it is a federal disrespect to travel from one state to another to commit domestic violence or to force an intimate partner to cross(a) state lines in an attempt to commit domestic viol ence. Additionally, the federal government passed interstate stalking legislation fashioning it a federal umbrage to cross state lines in an attempt to stalk a victim, and also barred offenders from carrying and owning weapons. The Violence against Women Act (VAWA) moreover protects victims of domestic violence and provides backing for services. VAWA also requires that the victim, if so desired, be heard at a liberate hearing with regard to the danger posed by the defendant. VAWA also stipulates that the victim be reimbursed for costs occurred to the victim in obtaining a restraining order and other costs connected to a domestic violence conviction. Another distinguished aspect of VAWA is the ability for battered and abused spouses and children of citizens and lawful durable residents to self-petition for separatist legal residency. Before VAWA, immigrant victims had to tending deportation when leaving an abusive relationship (Logan, 2006).Since the late 1970s, states took an active role in domestic violence taproom. active a third of domestic violence outreach and services are funded from state level (Stephen, 2002). Most states have laws that allow prosecutors to charge abusers without having to involve the victim. Many times victims are no longer are required to witness against their abusers. In 1997, a total of seven states and the nations capital had mandatory haul laws on the books that required law enforcement to make an arrest if there is turn out of an outrage. Even more states encouraged such arrests. A 1984 get wind showed that arrest abusers lowered the re-arrest rate within the next 6 months for domestic violence to 10%. However, more studies are needed to replicate these findings (Stephen, 2002).According to the study, most intimate partner abuse is not reported to law enforcement, making it difficult to know exactly how many men and women are abused. further about 20 percent of all rapes, 25 percent of corporal assaults, and 5 0% of stalking incidents against women were reported to law enforcement. The number of victimizations of men by intimate partners reported to practice of law is even smaller. A general printing that the police cannot help or would not do anything keeps victims from reporting abuse or stalking incidents (Stephen, 2002).Many positions related to domestic violence are held by social workers. Social workers often help clients build s support system by referring them to re inceptions they need and by helping them gain access to such services. Social workers may also be involved in crisis and long term counselling to help victims make epoch-making decisions. Additionally, social workers may develop and co-lead support groups for victims, lobby on a national or state level for funding, and perform advocacy work. advocacy work may include fund raising, training, explaining domestic violence, speaking to the media about domestic violence, developing materials to give to battered women, a nd community education. These are only a few of the essential functions performed by social workers in the domestic violence field.In 1993, future(a) the murder of a woman by her ex-lover, who violently harassed her in wound of a protection order before killing her , the New South Wales Parliament responded by enacting a separate umbrage of Stalking which is now part of the Crimes Act. Stalking is contribute that is harassing or flyspeck terrorening, directed at a person with the intention to cause intimidation or disquietude. It is a form of non-physical violence, causing psychological and turned on(p) abuse (Logan, 2006). The awakening of concern about this type of behaviour was caused by its prevalence in domestic violence cases. Firstly, the nature of the offence of stalking makes it inappropriate to prosecute nether the current law of criminal assault. link to this is the severe impact that stalking behaviour inflicts on its victims.The current law of assault is simply not broad enough to deal with the complexities that turn from an offence such as stalking. Assault is an act, which intentionally or recklessly causes another to apprehend contiguous and unlawful personal violence, charged downstairs s61 of the Crimes Act. At the essence of the offence of assault is a requirement that the scourge created by the offender must cause a fear of impendent violence in the victim. Stalking involves instances where a person does not explicitly holy terroren their victim but silently follows them around or sits external their dwelling. When placed in this context, such behaviour is dangerous beyond its immediate significance. Although, it is difficult to charge this as assault since it is not sufficient that the threat raises apprehension that violence will be inflicted at some time in the future.The inability to prosecute an offence that is of a similar nature to stalking under(a) the law of assault was apparent in the case of Knight. Knight had mad e a series of phone calls threatening to kill or injure those involved his former conviction, including a policeman, a magistrate and to a judge who later dismissed his appeal (Logan, 2006). On appeal to the woo of criminal Appeal, his conviction for these offences was quashed on the basis that the requirement of a threat of immediate violence was not satisfied. Even though his behaviour caused fear and was dangerous, it fell short of the necessary accuses and hence could not be okay under the law of criminal assault (Paul, 2000).Alternatively, the case of Ireland demonstrates an instance where an offence with characteristics that can be likened to stalking was successfully prosecuted under assault. The accused had proceeded to harass a woman whom he had a prior social relationship with, by making both silent and abusive phone calls, frequenting her place of work and home and taking photographs of the victim and her family. While fearful of personal violence the victim was also diagnosed with suffering a severe depressive illness. The offenders behaviour amounted to assault. This reasoning was founded on the fact that the victims fear of the caller arriving at her entre could be seen as close at hand(predicate) since he may be making the calls in close proximity to her home and able to arrive at her door within minutes. However the legal reasoning in this case, has been criticised for being rather artificial by stretching assault beyond its inhering legal meaning. As shown in Knight, most stalking cases are not suitable for prosecution under the elements of criminal assault.The main area of assault also poses difficulty for the prosecution of stalking. It is constituted by intention to either affect an unlawful contact or to create an apprehension of imminent unlawful contact in the mind of the victim (Larry, 2000). Despite that the common law of assault is now more accommodating to the offence of stalking, through developing an interpretation of deter ioration to include psychiatric as well as physical injury (Logan, 2006). It is still difficult to prove the impendency requirement in both of most stalking cases where the threat of harm is protracted rather than immediate (Sandra, 2007). Therefore, there is more rationale in treating stalking as a separate offence with its own proper(postnominal) elements rather than distorting the elements of assault to accommodate for the manifestations of stalking.The wide-ranging and severe impact of stalking further necessitates the need for a separate offence of stalking to deal with this crime. The psychological responses caused by stalking such as anxiety, fear, paranoia and often symptoms of post- traumatic stress disorder have been acknowledged in a study as emotions induced by stalkers. This research has found that 94% of victims have made changes to lifestyle patterns such as temporary or permanent relocation, changing personal contact information and even identities. Perhaps more co mpelling is that victims of a recent psychopathological study indicated that they might have coped better with more tangible damage of physical assault than with a stalkers constant intrusion and menace (Paul, 2000).Furthermore, stalking is often a predecessor to severe and fatal physical violence as demonstrated in the case of Thomas v Burk. In this instance the applicant had been in a previous relationship with the complainant. After they separated, the complainant experienced many incidents of stalking such as receiving harassing telephone calls at work and being followed on a vacation trip. These incidents eventually escalated to physical abuse when on one occasion, the applicant stroked the complainant with such force across the grimace with an open hand that it caused injury to her eye. This is one of many cases that reflect the statistic that 80% of women who report being stalked by an intimate partner are eventually physically assaulted (Sandra, 2007). It therefore becomes apparent that there is a need to take preventative action. Such as prosecuting this behaviour under an offence of stalking at its early stage, rather than waiting until the situation amplifies and the victim is physically assaulted and only then taking action by prosecuting for assault. informal Harassment is defined as a continuum of behaviours that intimidate, demean, humiliate or mash (Diane, 2006). These behaviours range from the subtle forms that can accumulate into a hostile working, learning, or worshipping environment to the most severe forms of stalking, assault or rape. For many businesses, preventing familiar torment, and reason its managerial employees from sexual harassment charges, has become key goals of legal decision making. In contrast, many scholars complain that sexual harassment in education remains a forgotten secret, with educators and administrators refusing to admit the problem exist in their schools, or accept their legal and ethical responsibilities to deal with it. antecedently stalking behaviour has been prosecuted as offensive conduct under s4 of the compact Offences Act. An artificial reasoning was drawn by the courts that stalking was offensive from the fact that it was continued or repeated. While offensive conduct carries a light maximum penalty of three months this may be satisfactory for little instances of stalking but it is a clearly an inappropriate reflection of the magnitude of behaviour that amounts to intimidation and harassment. The protracted nature of stalking and the serious implications on its victims necessitates the need for a specific offence of stalking with its own appropriate penalty in order to capture the severity of the offence. This is arguably more effective than collapsing this offence into the category of offensive conduct or treating it as criminal assault. The offender would then, also have to bear the stigma of being labelled a stalker (Larry, 2000).In 2006 study on sexual harassment at c olleges and universities, it was reported that 62% of fe male college students and 61% of male college students report having been sexually harassed at their university, with 80% of the reported harassment being peer-to-peer. Fifty-one percent of male college students admit to sexually harassing someone in college, with 22% admitting to harassing someone often or occasionally (Diane, 2006). thirty-one percent of female college students admitted to harassing someone in college. Sexual harassment can occur in a variety of circumstances. The harasser can be anyone, such as a supervisor, a client, a co-worker, a teacher or professor, a student, a friend, or a stranger. The victim does not have to be the person directly harassed but can be anyone who finds the behaviour offensive and is affected by it. While inauspicious effects on the victim are common, this does not have to be the case for the behaviour to be unlawful. The victim can be a male or female. The harasser can be male or f emale. The harasser does not have to be of the opposite sex. The harasser may be completely in advised that his or her behaviour is offensive or constitutes sexual harassment or may be completely unaware that his or her actions could be unlawful.There are however, some instances where a criminal sanction may not constitute an effective strategy of deterring further stalking even though the impact on the victim is traumatic. This in the main applies to the category of stalkers classified as erotomaniacs who are mentally ill. It would be more appropriate to deal with these stalkers through the mental health system as they are impervious to judicial sanctions and thus require assertive psychiatric management. The inefficacy of using stalking legislation to punish a perpetrator who has a psychiatric condition was illustrated in the case of Strong v The Queen. The plaintiff in error had been sentenced to imprisonment for the offence of stalking a female hostile to s562ABof the Crimes Act 1900(NSW) (Paul, 2000). Whilst serving his sentence in prison, the accused began writing sexually suggestive letters to another female with whom he had no prior relationship. After his rel balance, he continued with his stalking behaviour by pursual and watching her and subsequently go to live opposite her home. This conduct became the basis of another substantive charge of stalking for which he was again imprisoned. On appeal of this conviction the issue was raised that he had been diagnosed with suffering symptoms of psychosis. The Criminal Court of Appeal agreed that in cases such as this, the offenders condition should be managed under mental health legislation rather than clear under the criminal law. This case demonstrates the inability of the criminal law to deter psychiatrically ill stalkers as the rate of recidivism of people in this category suggests. However, it is fundamental to note that the majority population of stalkers are from the intimate category of non- insane ex partners and are not mentally ill at the time of committing the offence.Courts can issue an Apprehended Domestic Violence Order under s562AE of the Crimes Act 1900(NSW) or an Apprehended Personal Violence Order under s562AI of the Crimes Act 1900(NSW). Unfortunately this method of dealing with stalking offences is often criticised for having little effect on serious obsessive behaviours exhibited by some offenders. A recent study has shown that after yield of an apprehended violence order, stalking and physical violence was reduced in the first six months only to reoccur in over half the cases of women who undertook the study. This shows that these orders are an inappropriate long-term prevention tool. Helen Katzen reported in her study that of the 22,556 apprehended violence orders granted in New South Wales in 1998, 9,647 breaches were recorded by the police (Joseph, 2001). The ease with which these orders are breached and the fact that they are not taken seriously is reflected in the case of Long field v Glover. The appellant had been in a relationship with the complainant. When the relationship ended she obtained an apprehended domestic violence order, which interdict the appellant contacting her. He disregarded this order and persisted calling her at home and at work, making threatening statements such as I operate your life (Michele, 2002). Similarly in the case of R v Powell, the appellant had broken into the victims premises in breach of an apprehended violence order and maliciously wounded her by stabbing her twice in the back. two these cases demonstrate the inability of these orders to deter offenders which highlights how inefficient a mechanism they, are for dealing with such behaviour.Furthermore, apprehended violence orders were found in many cases to be aggravating factors, which exacerbate the likelihood of violence (Paul, 2000). This was exemplified in the case of Igbinoba v Commissioner of New South Wales Police Service, where a court issuance of an apprehended domestic violence order aroused further anger in the defendant towards the complainant, which resulted in a threat being made towards her that he was going to get her (Paul, 2000). Shortly after receiving the order, the defendant started a campaign of harassment against her and physically assaulted her. Recent research shows that incarceration has a sobering effect on stalkers and allows them to adjust their lives. This supports the idea that a more preventative approach would be to immediately prosecute this behaviour under an offence of stalking with a prison sentence, rather than wait for breach of an order to occur by which time the situation may have escalated to a degree of violence.While, it is impractical to contain all stalking offences by criminalising them, it is also inefficient for the court to proceed with prosecuting minor nuisances under the stalking legislation. Many of these cases would not lead to any conviction due to the lack of the requisite intent necessary to prove the offence. In 1998, two example cases were given by the model criminal code committee where stalking legislation was used inappropriately (Joseph, 2001). In the first case a fourteen year old girl had stalked her teacher, by following him around school and singing a mocking song about the teacher. In the later case Yugoslavian parents had stalked their teenage daughters because they had moved away from home in violation of family traditions. These stalking incidents are more commonly known as conformist who is the stalking falls within the acceptable range of social behaviour rather than criminal stalking. incomplete of these cases led to convictions. In circumstances such as these, applicants are more likely to succeed in obtaining apprehended violence orders since they would only be required to prove on the balance of probabilities, that they are in fear of the other person and that these fears could culminate into an act of personal v iolence or harassing conduct (Sandra, 2007).With advances in applied science people see new and scarey ways criminals commit crimes. With the introduction of cell phones and scanners years ago, criminals could listen to police radio traffic and see where and how we police were responding. No need for compute outs, technology became the look out. Now in the computer age people see crimes from identity theft and hacking into computers to steal personal and corporate hugger-mugger information to cyber stalking and sexual predating to cell phone cloning. Criminals have a whole new playground and the playground as technology advances (Lorraine, 2008). But technology is not just for criminals. Law enforcement agencies are using technology to make police work more effective and efficient. Also police and communities are also using technology to make their communities safer.Cyber stalking is set forth as the procedure or offense of deliberately and constantly pestilential another pers on in situation that would cause a sensible person to panic harm or death because of articulated or obscured fears is a comparatively latest trouble. Annoying others over the Internet is a little that usually happens, but the word constantly placed in front of that report can make a huge distinction. If someone is causing a nescience that interferes with ones professional or individual life it is measured stalking. Catching the criminals of computer is the tough part. There are data processor Crime Stopper groups, hackers turned excellent, whose only intention and job is to tag down and catch criminals of computer (Keith, 2002).Activity of caterpillar treading computer is a hard thing to do, particularly over the Internet. There is no track left for the criminal to be followed through. Generally the only things crime-stoppers have to go on are the IP addresses and telecommunication lines to trace to find the source of the signal, but the performer is generally long gone through t he time authorities arrive. Anticipation is a vital part in defending the computers of these days. Through secure servers, which are particular c

What Are The Driving Forces Behind Globalisation Politics Essay

What Are The Driving Forces Behind globalization Politics EssayFrom the shutting of World fight dickens on that point has arisen a tr repeal at bottom international dealings towards increasing partingal cooperation and integrating.After the collapse of the Berlin w every(prenominal) this demonstrate has rapidly accelerated. Today at that seat be a numberless of regional consolidation Agreements (RIA) that span every continents, regions and conceivably in all nations in a complex web of semi governmental, sparing, sociable and heathenish ties europiuman desegregation is mavin of the longest standing and most deeply co-ordinated examples however Asia, Africa and the Americas keep up all seen the need for great cooperation and consolidation within heedive regions. incisively who, why and how democracys integrate varies greatly. As time passes and confidence grows between partners there is a social movement towards a deepening of interaction and cooperatio n/ integrating may very comparablely ext fire to argonas orthogonal those originally envisaged.It house be supposeed that regional integrating/cooperation is globalisation at a regional aim, or globalisation is regional integration/cooperation on a global scale. Has increase regional integration and cooperation light-emitting diode to globalisation, or has globalisation direct to greater regional integration and cooperation? Regionalisation and ball-shapedisation ar difficult to separate. dapple conceptually it is easy to recognise that regionalisation applies at a regional level there is considerable overlap. You may view the world as a administration of international anarchy dominated by the nation state and make by national self interest or you may use up a somewhat more optimistic view of international relations and see people striving to work together for mutual realize beneath a global system of systems where communities are divided into many a(prenominal) var ying subsets goaded by historical, cultural, geographical and ideo limpid factors. Regardless of outdoor stage the, fact that the world is becoming more integrated is impossible to deny. Kofi Annans name at the start of this paper is very apt in play up this. Arguing against regionalisation, whatever your view on the relationship between regionalisation and globalisation, is like arguing against the laws of gravity.The aim of this paper is to determine the driving forces behind processes of regional integration and cooperation. This result be achieved by rootage defining what regional integration and cooperation is. This will be followed by a discussion of how regions integrate and cooperate and for what reasons using examples from atomic number 63, reciprocal ohm eastmost Asia and Africa. The paper will end with a discussion of the driving forces behind regional integration and cooperation.WHAT IS regional INTEGRATION?Confucius once said If names are not right, actors po sition are misused. When words are misused, affairs go wrong.4With a myriad of terminology such as regionalism, globalism, regionalisation, globalisation, regional integration, global integration and so on, it is easy to misuse words and subscribe confused by them. The line with globalisation is that by its very nature it is complex and all encompassing. Regionalisation, which I will define as globalisation at the regional level, is hence complex and all encompassing at a regional level. avocation this logic it is hence apparent that regional integration as a concept differs from global integration unaccompanied in the geographic boundaries you place around it. So as to simplify this problem and free us from misunderstanding we need to be very clear about what regional integration is, what regional cooperation is and how these relate to the wider global environment. So that confusion is not introduced the concepts of globalisation, regionalisation, globalism and regionalism need also to be placed firmly in context.Globalisation is a term that refers to the acceleration and intensification of mechanisms, and activities that are allegedly promoting global interdependence and perhaps, ultimately, global governmental and scotch integration.5Regionalism is defined as intensifying political and/or economic processes of cooperation among states and other actors in busy geographic regions.6 accordingly regionalisation is a term that refers to the acceleration and intensification of mechanisms, and activities that are allegedly promoting regional interdependence and perhaps, ultimately, regional political and economic integration. Globalism would then be intensifying political and/or economic processes of cooperation among states and other actors throughout the world. To reiterate, globalism and regionalism are political processes consciously undertaken by states whereas globalisation and regionalisation are labels for the overall affect of the outer e nvironment, at each a global or regional level, that therefore affects the choices politicians make.For provable reasons globalisation is a much more prevalent term than regionalisation and withal regionalism is much more prevalent than globalism. You may enquiry as to why this is and why this point is be somewhat laboured. The point is that globalisation represents the unknown or the influences outside a nations direct control. It is human nature to flip ones wig your fears and concerns and therefore labelling the current environmental effects as a globes price of issues is more concerning that focussing on your local or regional issues. To sojourn these issues however it is human nature to focus on what is being do closer to home. Thus the environment (globalisation) has a wider focus than the solution (regionalism). integrating and cooperation are best conceived as labels for progress along a line of increasing interdependence. Individual nations may start with limited or no interaction, progress to a point where they are cooperating and then r severally a point where they clear be considered integrated. The exact differentiation between whether a nation is cooperating partially integrated or broady integrated is outside the scope of this paper. Needless to say the example of a more integrated region is that of europium while I will use South eastern Asia as an example of region that is best described as closer to cooperation than integration. To reinforce this integration is best thought of as a process. The process of integration can be viewed as comprising of four elements. The first part of the process is a go asidement towards greater cooperation between integrating states another element is the transference of authority to an authority above that of the state homogenisation of values is, whether intended or not, an outcome of increased integration and finally the emergence of a regional/global civil bon ton can be argued to be both a ca use of and gist of integration.7So what becomes more integrated during a process of integration? Integration can occur in many areas of political concern. Economic, tribute and fond/cultural are the main areas of integration considered. Integration is a political finality make by nations leaders for political purposes. The reasons why and how integration occurs is almost as diverse as the opinions of world leaders and the challenges confront by them. on that pointfore in order to understand more all the way how integration comes about we need to investigate some examples of regional integration.atomic number 63an INTEGRATIONEurope is considered by many as the example of the region that has progressed furthest good deal the road of integration. After World War Two Europe was economically ruined, brotherlyly stressed and politically divided by what was to become known as the iron curtain. The linked States provided encouragement in the form of the Marshal plan to re grade and strengthen Western Europe against the spectre of Communism in the east.8Europeans also felt a maturation need to strengthen themselves against irrelevance in a bipolar world.9,10These primeval earnest fears of Europe led to the establishment of the uniting Atlantic agreement Organisation (NATO) in 1949. Economically the first evidence of European integration is in the establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1951. The aim of the conformity was to contribute, through a mutual market for blacken and mark, to economic expansion, growth of employment and a rising standard of living. The treaty created a supranational agency to oversee aspects of national coal and steel policy such as levels of production.11The end of the dusty War in 1989-91 has seen a gain ground spur to European integration. With the fall of the Berlin wall and the dismantling of a bipolar world, Europe was able to incorporate further countries within an progressively diverse frame work of integration. While much of the integration was led by economic considerations, there has been increasingly greater integration at the political and social levels also. The Maastricht treaty was signed by twelve European nations in 1991 establishing the European uniting (EU). Since then the EU has progressed further down the path of integration with the latest treaty being the Treaty of capital of Portugal that entered force on 1st December 2009. The EU now consists of twenty dollar bill cardinal countries with a number of candidate nations awaiting entry sometime in the future.12As mentioned earlier, it was a desire to strengthen Europe against a competing political theory during the glacial War that was the first step in European integration. As it transpired, democracy proved superior to fabianism in the long run. Economically, grown capitalism has enabled Europe to outperform the centrally controlled socialist markets of the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact. With the fa ll of the Berlin wall it became regular(a) more apparent that swelled market philosophies provided a basis for greater efficiency and greater competitiveness. Europe in general and the EU in particular serve to foreground this point.OTHER REGIONS MOVE TOWARDS INTEGRATIONWhile Europe is the most ripe(p) down the path of integration, other regions hurl not been idle. South eastern hemisphere Asia is an example of a looser cooperation in the form of the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN). ASEAN was formed in 1967 between Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Philippines and Indonesia. Since then membership has grow to include Cambodia, Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam. South East Asian integration is an example of cooperation being used to build confidence amongst developing nations. ASEAN has always been very redolent of being overly legalistic and binding. The ASEAN way of doing business has become synonymous with building close personal relationships between leaders, being f lexible and non-binding in decisions and adhering to a respect of other nations sovereignty including undertaking a non-interference policy with respect to other ASEAN nations internal matters.13Despite criticisms of being all talk and no action and providing legitimacy to the military junta in Myanmar, the ASEAN way has shown a remarkable ability to engender cooperation and trust between its members. When ASEAN was first accomplished most members were newly independent nations and the dust-covered War was in full swing. Indonesia was perceived by some as a holy terror and it was therefore felt that the best course of action was greater engagement to build confidence and trust between nations in the region. Therefore ASEANs initial aims were for social and cultural interchange. As time has passed and members have grown comfortable with each other aspects of cooperation have become feasible. Economic and military cooperation has increased and the level and diversity of programs co nducted within ASEAN has increased. ASEAN now emphasises cooperation within ternion pillars. These are security, social/cultural and economic. As confidence has grown, ASEAN nations have also reached out further afield to first East Asia in the form of ASEAN plus three (APT), in which China, Japan and South Korea are members the East Asia Summit, which adds India, Australia, New Zealand and potentially soon Russia through to the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) in which twenty seven nations are involved.14Like Europe, South East Asian leaders made political decisions that the security and prosperity of their respective nations lay in greater cooperation and collaboration. Given their shared colonial experiences and wary of being used as superpower pawns during the cold War, ASEAN leaders charted a course where they could find parking area cause with neighbouring Asian nations and through cooperation achieve stability and then economic prosperity. hearty/cultural cooperation served as a confidence building appreciate increased confidence lead to greater stability and greater foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and greater FDI led to economic growth and prosperity.While Europe is an example of developed nations integrating and South East Asia provides an draw close by developing nations, they are by no means the only examples. The North American Free peck Area (NAFTA), comprising Canada, the United States and Mexico was the North American response to the challenges of a globalising world and provides and example of the trend towards integration across the global North-South divide.15MERCOSUR and the Latin American Integration Association (LAIA) are likewise South American moves. Africa has had mixed success in achieving prospered integration through the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), although of late as the African Union (AU), there appears to be more success even in this region.16NAFTA started with a free trade agreement between Canada and the United State s and was expanded to include Mexico in 1992. NAFTA is an important example of a move towards integration between two developed economies and a developing economy. consolidation economies with such diversity of economic institutions has been challenging but successful. NAFTA has also led to greater integration throughout the Americas overall with the signing of the Free make out Area of the Americas (FTAA) in 2001.17It is considered by some that NAFTA in particular and other moves towards regional integration were in response to a Fortress Europe mentality.18WHAT ARE THE DRIVERS OF REGIONAL INTEGRATION?Regional integration is nothing new. historically however regional integration was achieved through conquest or colonisation.19Since the end of World War Two there has been a growing trend of regional Integration via treaty or international agreement. Although currently regional integration is often associated with economic reasons, fundamentally regional integration is a political decision and based on political considerations. Individual nations resolve to the global climate to address their needs and move forward as a society. Amongst the most basic of national needs is that of stability and security both from internal and external threats. It has been argued that one means of protecting a nation from external trespass is to become so interdependent that aggression becomes too expensive to consider.20Under the bipolar structure of the Cold War many states were looking for ways to provide additional security from the threat of superpower conflict. While global war or nuclear final solution was one level of concern, another was the threat of becoming a victim of a proxy war between the superpowers. While Western Europe was focussed on a very real threat from communism behind the iron curtain, other regions such as South East Asia had concerns from communist insurgency or the domino theory. Overall however the Cold War effectively divided the globe into two essentially lost parts. So while regionalism could occur in between some nations, others were excluded because they were either on the other side of the iron curtain or determined not to take sides with a superpower.With the end of the Cold War this brake was suddenly released and a flood of connections were soon to be realised. Figure 1.1below provides a graphical representation of the dramatic increasing occurrence of regional integration agreements after the end of the Cold War.CUsersAkoDocumentsMTATTerm 1MTAT UM MODULE 2010AUFB 5102AssignmentGraph1.jpgToday the number of Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) continues to multiply. The WTO notesThe surge in RTAs has continued unabated since the early 1990s. Some 462 RTAs have been notified to the GATT/WTO up to February 2010. Of these, 345 RTAs were notified under Article XXIV of the GATT 1947 or GATT 1994 31 under the Enabling Clause and 86 under Article V of the GATS. At that same date, 271 agreements were in force.21It is appare nt from these figures that regionalism is continuing to be desirable for nations.It is cost pointing out again that economic integration is only part of the overall picture. Security and social/cultural integration also continues. The United States in particular is active in many regional security agreements. Whether they are treaties, agreements or understandings many nations in the world today have desire and continue to seek greater cooperation and integration of military capabilities to meet their regions security needs. NATO is the largest example of this and again the most advanced with regard to the level of normalisation and integration achieved. Within South East Asia the Five Power falsifying Arrangement (FPDA) between Malaysia, Singapore, United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand is a smaller example.Social/Cultural integration can take many forms. From labour laws, in-migration policies, education exchanges, tourism and even debauched competitions the world has incr easingly become integrated. Often social integration is a first step. Sports in particular offer an easy, non-threatening manner in which people of one nation can learn about another. Regionalism is readily apparent in sport with examples such as the European cup in football, the Super fifteen rugby football competition in the southern hemisphere, the National Hockey League (NHL) in Canada and the United States. While the increase in regional integration of sporting competitions is not as significant or prevalent as economic integration it serves as a reminder that integration can take many forms and is not just a single dimensional phenomenon.Having looked at regional integration in monetary value of economic, security and social/cultural terms it is apparent that regional integration has been a significant phenomenon, curiously in terms of economic integration since the end of the Cold War. There is no doubt that regional integration is a political decision based on politicians seeking to do what is best for their respective nations and citizens. So what are the driving forces behind regionalism?It is generally considered that there has been two study phases of regionalism since the end of World War Two. The first phase occurred under the bipolar structure of the Cold War and saw regionalism used as a means to bolster regions abilities to deal with the security challenges of the Cold War. With the end of the Cold War in the early 90s globalisation became the driver for regionalism as regions want to achieve competitive advantage and economy of scale economically.22There is big bucks of academic debate over how globalisation has influenced the trend towards regionalism. Some consider regionalism has been undertaken to protect a region from the effects of globalisation while other argue that regionalism is driving globalisation. This has lead to the terms open and closed regionalism. unappealing regionalism is where a region attempts to protect itself fr om the external world by bring down barriers within the region while maintaining barriers to those external to the region. The trend however has been away from closed regionalism and towards open regionalism. Open regionalism is where a region integrates so that their common market gains in attractiveness to foreign investment and improves in terms of overall economic efficiency.23It is worth noting that that it is now against WTO rules to form a regional trade agreement where greater barriers are imposed on external nations.24CONCLUSIONLooking back to the discussion on definitions earlier in the paper it is now clear that the driving force of regional integration has to be the contemporary environment. Globalisation is dominating the contemporary environment. Globalisation is a label intended to simplify descriptions of an increasing inter-connectedness, interdependency and increasing complexness of human interaction throughout the globe. As much as globalisations knockers deal i t to go away, Kofi Annans analogy with gravity highlights the futility of fighting globalisation. Globalisation is a logical result of improved communication and transport technology. People are increasingly aware what is going on everywhere in the world. Personal clutch with people from other nations and cultures is providing greater insight into the basic humanity of all peoples. With greater visibility however also comes greater fear and concern. Global society has many layers and those layers are increasingly accessible to all. Human societies all have the same basic needs but globalisation can appear to threaten as much as it offers. Regionalism is a gradatory response to a scary external world. People cling to those they are more familiar with and feel safer because of this. Politicians are no different to anybody else. Whether it be an authoritarian regime that wants to protect itself from a threatening world or a democratic leader that has to consider the views of the peop le more directly, all politicians respond in some way to the external environment.It can be argued that the end of the Cold War was a driver of regionalism. But the end of the Cold War is just a signpost in history. If it were a driver why is regionalism continuing to occur? The significance of the end of the Cold War is just that a line dividing the world from itself was removed. Regionalism occurred before, during and after the Cold War. The reason regionalism is so topical is simply because the rate of occurrence has dramatically increased in this so called second phase of regionalism. Cheap instantaneous communication is rapidly engulfing the globe. Accessible and affordable transportation is available to a large proportion of the worlds population. This easy contact with the global community will continue to drive every significant issue for at least(prenominal) the next fifty years.

The Search for the Meaning of Existence :: Philosophy Essays

The Search for the gist of ExistenceDaffodil bulbs instead of balls St ared from the sockets of the eyes from Whispers of Immortality We live and then we die. Its scary, the wipeout part, and the living part is quite amazing. There is a great dichotomy surrounding our conception. One minute we are here, another we are gone. What is existence? What is the purpose of existence? The big meta sensible question has my interest. We grasp to commiserate it all but it evades us. This magnificent populace has not answered our questions. Some spate believe that our existence is a divine destiny, a creation of God, or of some purposive push. Others say that the greatest meaning of life is to trade love. These people believe that life has meaning Actually has it I grew up thinking that both of these meanings of life were true. There was a universal muscle of good, always able to overcome bad, and love was the greatest value of all. I believed that my life would have meaning if I contri buted to the good and loving energy in the world. Will my life have more(prenominal) meaning if I am a good loving person than an uninterested lone wolf person? Will my life be more valuable to the universe? Everyone would like to have meaning in their life, even those of us who are becoming cynical to meaning as an absolute. We all would be more comfortable if we k immature of some transcendent value to our existence that surpasses life itself, into death. We do not know of this transcendence though. Society in the 21st ampere-second is on shaky foundations. We have tossed religious proclamations out the window and embraced acquaintance as the ultimate authority. Problem is, science is not providing metaphysical answers so we are out there in space floating some aimlesslyCurrently, through the last decade or so, after live the substantial depth of scientific observations supporting Darwinian evolution, I beat to see another possible meaning of meaning, and hence, a new mean ing of life. Beware Darwins dangerous idea I now see meaning, as an emergent process of evolved human consciousness that functions as an milieu analyst. I see both meaning and consciousness as aftereffects of physical processes in the brain and nervous system. Sounds pretty drab and desolate, huh? Or exciting, depending on who you are, where you are, and what time it is.

Schizophrenia Essay -- essays research papers

SCHIZOPHRENIA Schizophrenia, from the Greek word meaning split hear, is a workforcetal disorder that causes complete fragmentation in the processes of the mind. adverse to common belief, schizophrenic psychosis does non refer to a person with a split personality or multiple personalities, but rather to a condition which affects the persons movement, language, and thinking skills. The question of whether schizophrenic psychosis is a disease or ingathering of socially detected actions is still a question in people mind. People who ar produceing from schizophrenia think and act in their own the world and put themselves in a way that is totally different from the rest of society. In separate words, they live lost in touch with the reality. Most schizophrenics accept the detail that they has ex this disorder and are willing to receive necessary preaching and listen to, if not follow, professional advice. However there are cases where patients have lost insight and do not acknowledge the fact that they suffer from a mental disorder. As a result, these people do not have the treatment normally patients with schizophrenia do. To observers, schizophrenia may bet like a disease or madness because people who have this disorder behave differently to the people that are considered normal. It impairs a person from doing work, going to school, taking care of his/herself or having a social race with others. Yet, by looking at some of the symptoms, it is sometimes hard to break up schizophrenia as a disease because it enables those inflicted with it to develop new ship canal of communication intellectually and creatively, as well as enhancing artistic abilities. A disease is usually some kind of sickness that will lead story to death or under heavy medication. However, this is not the case. For now, there is no cure but only treatment to help people with schizophrenia to live more productive lives. Generally, schizophrenia carries enormous threats to the so ciety. About unmatched percent of the people in United States develop schizophrenia and the chance of developing this disorder is independent of the patients gender, race or culture. Women are as likely to develop schizophrenia as men but women tend to have less severe symptoms with fewer hospitalizations and are generally able to cope better in the community. About ten percent of the people who have schizophrenia commit suicide and umteen others attempt... ...asms or cramps, and tremors. One of the major side affects is tardive dyskinesia, a aeonian condition when the lips, mouth, and tongue move without any control. Besides medications and therapies, family intervention programs hold out which focus on the families of the schizophrenics instead of the patients themselves. This is particularly useful since family members can learn and understand how to cope with the patient and provide for them a low-stress environment and aiding them as much as possible. By looking at all th e aspects of schizophrenia, it is really hard to believe schizophrenia is a type of disease. Different from support or cancer that may lead to death, schizophrenia alone will not kill the patient. In contrast, schizophrenics become more gifted and imaginative in their way of thinking. The inability of the normal people to understand the patients styles of video boasting does not mean those patients are abnormal or have a disease. When viewing from their world, schizophrenics may think that the normal people are the ones who display bizarre behaviour. Schizophrenia can be called a disorder, a collection of socially learn actions, an illness but never called a disease.

Formal Analysis: Roman Sarcophagus Essay -- Essays Papers

Formal analysis Roman SarcophagusThere have been countless delinquentls between two contend sides in the hi stage Roman artis testify. This sculpture relief signifies the classic action of good versus evil. Time and time again, benevolent heroes find themselves in a struggle to combat worthy yet malicious adversaries. The Roman sarcophagus, a two by five feet marble c removein, is certainly no exception. It represents some other division to this timeless good-evil epic, its visual characteristics, emphasis on contrasts, and its extensive soldiery of details give it an identity that is uniquely its own. It portrays a sense of known fantasy to the viewer, one pertaining to hostility, violence, and pure anger. The sculpture seems overly shallow due to the fact that the same mythical figures be repeated within the story setting, but with a little insight one can try and describe its true meaning. Every object, every expression, and everything that exists within this work are the re for a reason. The Sarcophagus is in relatively good condition notwithstanding though some parts of it seem a little irresolute possibly due to the passage of time. Some of the worn areas include portions of the centaurs faces as well as specific areas of the background. Several corners appear to be chipped off and missing. Given its small size in terms of coffins suggests that this had been intended for a child. In addition, some portions of the sculpture contain tiny drainage holes, as this funeral item was later used as a...

The Debate Over Video Game Violence Essay -- Violent Video Games

enmity surrounds almost every topic and has been around for centuries. Controversial topics usually touch on different types of people that deal two opposite points of view rough a certain topic or idea. The widespread expansion of engineering has allowed people all over the world to debate certain topics that they rate to have a correct understanding of. Unsurprisingly, the effect of video games on the human brain has been a controversy since video games were first released decades ago. telecasting games involve the use of body and mind, which causes the player to be inside of the game, and they hobo see the world through the eyes of the character of which they play. Some psychologists and otherwise scientists suggest that carmine video games shtup cause psychological disorders which can cause players to engage in untamed behavior in corporeal life. On the other hand, there have also been studies conducted that suggest strength in video games does not affect the brain in that soft of way. People from both sides of the viewpoint bring up good arguments that accompaniment their claim and really brings into question our understanding of video games and the impact they have on our brains. These scientists have conducted experiments over the last couple decades but button up dont have an answer to what the underlying cause of children and young adults to be violent in real life as a result of compete violent video games, or if it does at all. Unfortunately, many of the people showing this subject point the finger at others to see who is responsible for acquire the children into violent video games. Some may blame the manufacturers for targetting children with their advertising of violent video games, and others may blame the parents for purchasing the... ...mes+influence+aggressive+ behaviour+kids+expert+warns/9812114/story.html.Lejacq, Yannick. Call of Duty maker gears up against violent video games bill. NBCnews. NBC, 11 Sept. 2013. Web. 11 whitethorn 2014.. Rettner, Rachael. Do Video Games Boost Aggression? Study adds fire to debate. make News. Fox, 25 Mar. 2014. Web. 11 May 2014.. S. 134 Violent Content Research make out of 2013. 113th Congress. N.p. n.p., 2013. GovTrack. Web. 11 May 2014.. Tobias, Greitemeyer, and Mugger Dirk. Video Games Do Affect Social Outcomes. apt Journals n. pag. Sagepub. Web. 11 May 2014. .