What Is a Column in the Architectural World

In architecture, a column is an upright pillar or post. Columns may support a roof or a beam, or they can be purely decorative. A row of columns is called a colonnade. Classical columns have distinctive capitals, shafts, and bases. Some people, including the 18th century Jesuit scholar Marc-Antoine Laugier, suggest that the column is one of the essential elements of architecture. Laugier theorizes that primitive man required only three architectural elements to build a shelter — the column, entablature, and the pediment. These are the basic elements of what has become known as the Primitive Hut, from which all architecture is derived. Where does the word come from? Like many of our English-language words, column originates from Greek and Latin words. The Greek kolophÃ… n, meaning a summit or hill, was where temples were built in places like Colophon, an ancient Ionian Greek city. The Latin word columna further describes the elongated shape we associate with the word column. Even today when we speak of newspaper columns orspreadsheet columns, or even spinal columns, the geometry is the same — longer than wide, slender, and vertical. in publishing — the distinctive mark of the publisher, much like a sports team may have an associated symbolic mark — comes from the same Greek origin. The architecture of ancient Greece was distinctive and remains so today. Imagine living in an ancient time, perhaps in BC when civilization began, and you are asked to describe the grand, stone projections you see high on a hill. The words that describe what architects call the built environment usually come well after the structures are built, and words are often inadequate descriptors of grand visual designs. The Classical Column The ideas of columns in Western civilizations come from the Classical architecture of Greece and Rome. Classical columns were first described by an architect named Vitruvius (c. 70-15 BC). Further descriptions were written in the late 1500s by the Italian Renaissance architect Giacomo da Vignola. He described the Classical Order of Architecture, a history of the columns and entablatures used in Greece and Rome. Vignola described five basic designs: Greek Columns and Entablature:DoricIonicCorinthianRoman Columns and Entablature:TuscanComposite Classical columns traditionally have three main parts: The base. Most columns (except the early Doric) rest on a round or square base, sometimes called a plinth.The shaft. The main part of the column, the shaft, may be smooth, fluted (grooved), or carved with designs.The capital. The top of the column may be simple or elaborately decorated. The capital of the column supports the upper portion of a building, called the entablature. The design of the column and entablature together determine the Classical Order of Architecture. Out of (Classical) Order The Orders of architecture refer to the designs of column combinations in Classical Greece and Rome. However, decorative and functional posts and shafts that hold up structures are found throughout the world. Over the centuries, a variety of column types and column designs have evolved, including in Egypt and Persia. To see different styles of columns, browse our Photo Guide to Column Design and Column Types. Function of a Column Columns are historically functional. Today a column can be both decorative and functional. Structurally, columns are considered compression members subject to axial compressive forces — they allow space to be created by carrying the load of the building. How much load that can be carried before buckling depends on the columns length, diameter, and construction material. The columns shaft is often not the same diameter from the bottom to the top. Entasis is the tapering and swelling of the columns shaft, which is used both functionally and to achieve a more symmetric look — fooling the naked eye. Columns and Your House Columns are commonly found in 19th century Greek Revival and Gothic Revival house styles. Unlike large Classical columns, residential columns usually carry the load of a porch or portico only. As such, they are subject to weather and rot and often become a maintenance issue. Too often, home columns are replaced with cheaper alternatives — sometimes, unfortunately, with wrought iron. If you buy a house with metal supports where columns should be, you know that these are not original. Metal supports are functional, but aesthetically they are historically inaccurate. Bungalows have their own type of tapered columns. Related Names for Column-Like Structures anta — A flat, square, column-like structure, usually on either side of a door or the corners of a buildings facade. These pilaster-like paired structures, called antae (plural), are really a structural thickening of the wall.pillar — Like a column, but a pillar can also stand alone, like a monument.support — A very general word that describes a functionpilaster — A squared column (i.e., a pier) protruding from a wall.engaged column — A round column protruding from a wall like a pilaster.post or stake or polepier — A squared column.buttressunderpinning Source Inline photo of metal columns  ©Jackie Craven

William Shakespeare s Julius Caesar - 1721 Words

Often in fiction, a character who murders another character is often viewed as the villain of the story. Their crime usually stems from their own deep rooted hatred of a person and is often in some way personally benefiting to themselves. However, this is not the case of Brutus in Shakespeare’s play, Julius Caesar. Brutus’s plan to murder Julius Caesar does not make him a villainous man but a rather noble one. Despite his plot against Caesar, Brutus’s intentions were always one-hundred percent honorable. The first instance in the play where the reader learns of just how honorable a man Brutus is, is in Act 1, Scene 2. When Cassius asks Brutus if he is going to the race being held that day, Brutus responds, I am not gamesome. I do lack some part Of that quick spirit that is Antony. (JC 1.2.28-29) . This statement sums up the personalities of both Brutus and Antony and their feelings on how Rome should be ruled. Brutus does not feel inclined to be ruler and have control over everyone whereas it would seem Antony is interested in having that power. From this early part of the play, Shakespeare lets the reader know that Brutus is not a competitive man in the least whether when it comes to athletics are political power. Later in this same conversation with Cassius, Brutus starts to become genuinely distressed over the shouting and applause he keeps hearing and he fears that it is the excitement of Caesar having been crowned king. Cassius wonders if Brutus wouldShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Julius Caesar1082 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"Et tu, Brutà ©? Then fall Caesar† (III.i 179). The fatal stabs of the conspirators did not kill the all-mighty Julius Caesar, for the sharp butcher of Brutus pierced his heart and condemned his life to cessation. This dramatic, mood changing affair serves as the pivotal platform in William Shakespeare’s, Julius Caesar. It is a compelling novel that recounts the unjust murder of Julius Cae sar, an ancient Roman general. Oblivious to this conspicuous foreshadowing, Caesar fails to distinguish his trueRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Julius Caesar Essay1833 Words   |  8 Pages INTRODUCTION The seemingly straightforward simplicity of â€Å"Julius Caesar† has made it a perennial favourite for almost 400 years. Despite its simplicity, almost Roman in nature, the play is rich both dramatically and thematically, and every generation since Shakespeare’s time has been able to identify with some political aspect of the play. The Victorians found a stoic, sympathetic character in Brutus and found Caesar unforgivably weak and tyrannical. As we move into the twenty-first century, audiencesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Julius Caesar Essay2414 Words   |  10 Pages Christa Kiesling AP Lang Block 1 Mr. Snider 6 Nov. 2016 RA1 William Shakespeare, in his historical play Julius Caesar, makes the characters Brutus and Antony utilize rhetorical strategies in order to win the favour of the Roman people for their own purposes. These two speakers try to convince the audience of different things: where Brutus, who speaks first, was trying to subdue the passions of the mob and use logic to win acceptance for his murderous actions, Antony, who had to follow Brutus, wasRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Julius Caesar760 Words   |  4 Pagespeople of Rome. In Julius Caesar written by William Shakespeare, Brutus and Antony address the people over Caesar’s dead body. The body is brought to the town square shortly after he was murdered by the Senate. Brutus, one of the murderers, appeals to the people’s fear and patriotism. Antony speaks after and puts doubts of the justification of the murder and plays to the people’s hearts. Brutus addresses the crowd by using his reputation to support his reasons for killing Caesar. He starts his speechRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Julius Caesar804 Words   |  4 Pagesthe phenomenal, as well as tyrannical, Roman rulers throughout history, Julius Caesar is by far the most prominent. This fame is due in no small part to William Shakespeare and his play that bears the same name. However, although Caesar is the play’s namesake, the story’s central focus is on Brutus and Caius Cassius and their plot to assassinate Caesar. When discussing Antony’s fate in Act II scene 1 of Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar, Brutus argues against what he perceives as the unnecessary and brutalRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Tragedy Of Julius Caesar919 Words   |  4 Pageschoices that eventually bring about their demise. At first glance, Caesar may appear to be the tragic hero, when the real tragedy actually lies in Brutus’s story in William Shakespeare s p lay The Tragedy of Julius Caesar. One tray a tragic hero must posses is that they are relatable. The play may be named for Caesar, but the reader simply knows more of Brutus and his motives, which help to make his story a tragedy more so than Caesar s. Brutus’ thoughts, actions, and history are made more apparentRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Tragedy Of Julius Caesar1508 Words   |  7 Pages William Shakespeare’s play, â€Å"The Tragedy of Julius Caesar† was mainly based on the conspiracy to assassinate Julius Caesar. â€Å"Julius Caesar† is a play based on rhetoric and politics. Rhetoric is the science of manipulation. Marcus Brutus, a Senate and a beloved friend of Caesar stood as the face among the conspirators leading the assassination of Julius Caesar. Aristotle said, â€Å"A man doesn’t become a hero until he can see the root of his downfall†. He defined a tragic hero as someone who is highlyRead MoreThemes Of William Shakespeare s Julius Caesar 2063 Words   |  9 Pages Theme, Mood and Conflict in Julius Caesar Savannah Baine â€Å"Come I to speak at Caesar’s funeral. He was my friend, faithful and just to me. But Brutus says that he was too ambitious, and Brutus is an honorable man .† Mark Antony (Act 3,Scene 2,Line 85). â€Å"Julius Caesar† by William Shakespeare, is a classic play depicting the death of Caesar and the chaos that ensues afterwards. One theme in this play is fate vs. free will, the mood is seriousRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Julius Caesar1201 Words   |  5 PagesDellinger English II 4/18/17 Julius Caesar There are many people you may have heard of that lived during 100 B.C.- 10 A.D. in Rome. Some of those people include Marcus Brutus, Cleopatra, Mark Antony, and Julius Caesar. In this paper I will be talking about Julius Caesar. And while doing so I will be talking about his early/personal life, his career, and his assassination. Julius Caesar was born July 12. B.C. as Gaius Julius Caesar, to Aurelia Cotta, and Gaius Julius Caesar. Julius was born with the NeurologicalRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Julius Caesar1119 Words   |  5 PagesOration in Julius Caesar, and Why It Wouldn’t Stand in Court â€Å"Circumstantial evidence is a very tricky thing. It may seem to point very straight to one thing, but if you shift your own point of view a little, you may find it pointing in an equally uncompromising manner to something entirely different.† – Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. What does circumstantial evidence have to do with a speech, you may ask? In a manner of speaking, everything, for the evidence maketh the speech. In William Shakespeare’s

Essay On Pride And Prejudice Example For Students

Essay On Pride And Prejudice In Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen, the emphasis is on irony, in its exposure of foolishness and the importance of social values. Jane Austens irony is devastating in its exposure of foolishness. There are various forms of exquisite irony in Pride and Prejudice, sometimes the characters are unconsciously ironic, as when Mrs. Bennet seriously asserts that she would never accept any entailed property, though Mr. Collins is willing to. â€Å"Often Mr. Bennet and Elizabeth serve to directly express the authors ironic opinion† (Trevor 352). When Mary Bennet is the only daughter at home and does not have to be compared with her prettier sisters, the author notes that: â€Å"it was suspected by her father that she submitted to the change without much reluctance† (Austen 189). Mr. Bennet turns his wit on himself during the crisis with Whickham and Lydia: â€Å"let me once in my life feel how much I have been to blame. I am not afraid of being overpowered by the impression. It will pass away soon enough†(Austen 230). Elizabeths irony is lighthearted when Jane asks when she began to love Mr. Darcy: à ¢â‚¬Å"It has been coming on so gradually that I hardly know when it began. But I believe I must date it from my first seeing his beautiful grounds at Pemberly† (Austen 163). â€Å"She can be bitterly cutting however in her remark on Darcys role in separating Bingley and Jane† (Bowen 107): â€Å"Mr. Darcy is uncommonly kind to Mr. Bingley, and takes a prodigious deal of care of him† (Austen 202). â€Å"The author also independent of any character, uses irony in the narrative parts for some of her sharpest judgments† (Bradley 9). The Meryton Community is glad that Lydia is marrying such a worthless man as Whickham: â€Å" and the good nature wishes for her well doing, which had proceed before from all the spiteful old ladies in Meryton, lost but a little of their spirit in this change of circumstances, because with such a husband, her misery was certain† (Austen 270). â€Å"Austen uses irony to provoke gentle, whimsical laughter and to make veiled, b itter observations as well; in her hands irony is an extremely effective device for moral evaluation† (Francis 21): â€Å"She has Elizabeth say that she hopes she will never laugh at what is wise or good† (Austen 143). The characters on Pride and Prejudice are full of social values. â€Å"Every character is measured against the intelligence and sensitivity which eighteen-century people called good sense, and they stand and fall by common consent of the evaluation made by the author† (Hirsch 74). â€Å"The characters themselves, the sensible ones, accept this standard, and their relationships are determined by it, Mr. Bennet cannot be happy with his wife because he does not respect her† (Watt 296): â€Å"Mr. Bennet saw his wife, he was thinking about how obstinate she was, how money made her so happy, and how hypocrite she was† (Austen 90). â€Å"For this reason he retreats the ridiculousness of his family into sarcasm and carelessness† (Schroer 84). â€Å"Elizabeth also feels pained by her familys folly, and can not help realizing how harmful it is to Lydias and her own romances† (Brower 172): â€Å"I have bad news for you imprudent as a marriage between Mr. Whi ckham and our poor Lydia would be, we are now anxious to be assured it has taken place in Scotland† (Austen 262). â€Å"Likewise when Charlotte Lucas marries the idiotic Mr. Collins for purely materialistic reasons, Elizabeth knows their friendship can never be the same; they will separate. This stress on good sense brings characters together as well† (Jenkins 289). Jane, Elizabeth, and the Gardiners are tied to each other by affection and an alert confidence in each others judgment. â€Å"They can rely on both the mind and the heart of the others; this sensible and spirited attitude is what draws Darcy to Elizabeth in the first place. Since the quality of good sense is so important for the characters, we should know what it specifically is† (Watt 300). The two characteristics already mentioned, intelligence and sensitivity, are obviously essential. â€Å"A sense of responsibility also seems to be part of it† (Hirsch 64). Mrs. and Mr. Bennet are not sensib le when they fail to guide their family. This responsibility involves a consideration for the feelings of other people which silly characters as Mr. Collins, Lady Catherine de Bourgh, and Lydia Bennet conspicuously lack. â€Å"What happens in Pride and Prejudice happens to nearly all of us, embarrassment at the foolishness of relatives, the unsteady feelings of falling in love, and the mortify of suddenly realizing a big mistake† (Bradley 28). â€Å"The psychological realism of the novel is revealed in the quick recognition we have of how the characters feel, there is a very convincing view of how an intelligent, feeling person changes, the sensitiveness of how people do feel and act† (Trevor 351); as when Elizabeth and Darcy are angry at each other and how they completely change their minds with the passage of time. .u69d3692e48ff6a5f5a387578c877cb1a , .u69d3692e48ff6a5f5a387578c877cb1a .postImageUrl , .u69d3692e48ff6a5f5a387578c877cb1a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u69d3692e48ff6a5f5a387578c877cb1a , .u69d3692e48ff6a5f5a387578c877cb1a:hover , .u69d3692e48ff6a5f5a387578c877cb1a:visited , .u69d3692e48ff6a5f5a387578c877cb1a:active { border:0!important; } .u69d3692e48ff6a5f5a387578c877cb1a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u69d3692e48ff6a5f5a387578c877cb1a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u69d3692e48ff6a5f5a387578c877cb1a:active , .u69d3692e48ff6a5f5a387578c877cb1a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u69d3692e48ff6a5f5a387578c877cb1a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u69d3692e48ff6a5f5a387578c877cb1a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u69d3692e48ff6a5f5a387578c877cb1a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u69d3692e48ff6a5f5a387578c877cb1a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u69d3692e48ff6a5f5a387578c877cb1a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u69d3692e48ff6a5f5a387578c877cb1a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u69d3692e48ff6a5f5a387578c877cb1a .u69d3692e48ff6a5f5a387578c877cb1a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u69d3692e48ff6a5f5a387578c877cb1a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Two Tragic Hereo's Are Better Than One (Medea/Jason) EssayEnglish Essays

Inspired at a Young Age free essay sample

Beep Beep Beep Beep, â€Å"Attention Department 9 and 9 4 personnel, you are responding to an unknown medical call at 20 Killingworth Turnpike. Ambulance duty crew respond to headquarters.† As a young child, when I was watching cartoons in my family room, I would frequently hear my father’s pager sound off alerting him to an emergency call in our small town. He would grab his orange trauma bag and blue light and head off to the local fire department. I would listen intently as my father and his crew raced to the scene to provide medical care that was necessary to save the patient’s life. He would finally return home after a few calls a night. I would sit straight up in my bed as I heard the garage door open from below my room wondering what kinds of emergencies he attended. â€Å"Nicole, tonight’s accident should never have happened. When you grow up, would you promise me to never get in a car with someone who has been drinking? Although the driver didnà ¢â‚¬â„¢t die, he changed the future of a little girl forever. We will write a custom essay sample on Inspired at a Young Age or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † When I got older, my father realized I wasn’t going to get nightmares about what calls he responds to. He would tell me about drug overdoses, heart attacks, and trauma from car accidents. Many were gory and bloody. Others were gross, and on many occasions, some were quite minor. Talking to my father about medical calls and hospitals fascinated me. To satisfy my curiosity about these calls, I engaged myself in the ER and medical shows at a young age. One show in particular caught my interest; it was Untold Stories of the ER. This show addressed the lives of ER doctors and what they experienced in their jobs. These stories ranged from prison inmates swallowing batteries to teenagers facing death after a baseball game. Throughout the years, I watched this show because it fascinated me, but one night a doctor recounted a little girl around the age of three falling down a hill and getting caught in a cactus. Although this incident was not that much different from the other stories on the show in later years, I kept wondering what happened the scared little girl with thousands of cactus spikes in her body. Her frightened face was engraved in my mind. All I wanted was to comfort her and help her even though I knew I could not. This one little girl made me realize how much I wanted to help people when I grew up, especially children. Throughout my life I always knew I wanted to work in the emergency room. When I had throat surgery at a young age I was frightened and confused about what was going on at the time. The nurses and medical professionals were rushing around in the operating room getting me ready for surgery, while I was trembling on the table wanting my parents to be there to comfort me. I now think of that cold unfamiliar operating room and how terrified I was, realizing that every child needs someone by their side. After I receive training, I hope to work in the hospital helping to care for the patients that my father or another EMT professio nal has brought to the hospital for treatment.